Essay Question 3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Question 3 - Essay Example chists obtain power through it because they can control the public by ensuring that equality on some commodities and activities are championed (Spaaij, 2010). In the second principle, anarchism employs proactive approaches, where they assume that not everyone in society has the ability to get access to the free services offered. Therefore, it is upon those who have to make sure that they share with those who do not have. While people may confuse anarchism and terrorism as being one thing, they are completely two different forms of leadership. Even though both of them employ oppression theories, anarchism tends t o champion for equality and protecting human rights where possible (Fleming, 2000). On the other hand, terrorism, which is motivated by extreme radicalization of religious ideologies, has little thought of what human rights are. They believe dying is the only way through which people can protect the Islamic religion and have an external peace. However, anarchism has varying schools of thought, where individualist anarchism and anarcho-capitalism believe that all natural resources should be privatized. The same case is common in the Middle East countries, where people are allowed to own oil wells, while those who are not lucky are either poor or into other businesses. The other school of thought, which involves libertarian socialism and geoanarchism believe that natural resources should remai n public so that every person benefits from the revenue. Terrorist organizations identified with anarchism include Anarchist Black Cross, Autonomous Action, Foot Not Bombs, and International of Anarchist Federations among others (Book chin, 2005). Most terror groups seem to use anarchism, with the thought that by owning natural resources, especially oil, uranium, and other weaponry mineral will make them superpower militia groups and would control every activity in its boundaries. However, a good thought on anarchism makes it different from what terror groups carry

The Korean War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Korean War - Essay Example Needless to say, all these great cultural symbols are very much part of the common civilization of the Korean people. The Korean people are still haunted by the specter of the Korean War, which they found in the interests of their imperialist masters. There still exist chances for unification of the Korea as wished by many millions of Koreans through reconciliation and remorse. The Korean War and its After Waves The degradation of Korean monarchy and its subsequent destruction by Japanese imperialism lies at the root of the problems in the Korean peninsula. The Korean liberation from the clutches of Japanese imperialism was the first real opportunity to be one under the labels of singular national culture and unified national language. Importantly, both the Korean language and cultural national identity were being systematically destroyed under Japanese tutelage. According to Pihl, â€Å"many Koreans saw the 1945 Liberation as the first opportunity in their history to be truly Korea n in their own land† (79). One of the primary aims of the national liberation of Korea was to establish a single body of Korean literature based on newly found self awareness. But, the beginning of the civil war again blocked the free development of the Korean literature and there emerged not a single body of literature but a South Korean literature and North Korean literature. The emergence of South Korea and North Korea as a result of the division of nation was not characterized by the founding of two new distinct nations as such. On the other hand, the newly formed two countries were equally the distorted versions of a single nation. It is war that constituted the two countries, not any progressive or productive developments. It is interesting to note that [i]n Korean, the 1945 liberation is called Kwangbok, â€Å"Glorious Recovery†, but it was neither glorious nor a recovery and, worse, it was capped by an internecine war of horrifically compressed violence that spe ared no corner of the country† (Pihl, 82). The national awareness which was a product of the national liberation in 1945 unfortunately did not last long as aspired by millions of Koreans. As the divisions between the two parts of the country widened, it reflected as emptiness in the national cultural as well. â€Å"The most ironic formative experience of the 20th century for Korean literature began with Liberation on August 15, 1945. Koreans regained a country that had been lost to Japanese imperialism, only to lose it again to Russian and American imperialism† notes the well-known Korean literary commentator Pihl (82). The Korean civil war had multiple reasons for come to existence. It was the direst result of the division of the country in the August 1945. It was America that played the prominent role in dividing the Korea and there established a colonial authority which was composed of comprador Koreans. After that, the former Soviet Union too played a crucial role i n keeping the division between two Koreas intact as it was necessary for ‘building socialism’ regardless of the basic unity and integrity of the Korean civilization. Thirdly, the internal divisions among the Koreans also have its due share in the division of the country as perpetuated by the ruling elites. The dialectical irony is that, as elaborated by the well-known theorist Cumings, â€Å"

Water Management Of The Thar Desert Environmental Sciences Essay

Water Management Of The Thar Desert Environmental Sciences Essay The Thar Desert, also known at the Indian Desert is located partly in Rajasthan state, northwestern India, Punjab province, Sindh province and eastern Pakistan in Asia. (Britannica) Its precise location is between latitudes 24 ° and 28 ° north and between longitude 68 °and 71 ° east. (Irrigation) This desert is considered one of the smallest hot deserts in the world only, 77,000 square miles (200,000km ²) (Britannica) yet it has the highest human population of all deserts in the world. (Kuma) Other deserts have a population density of less than ten people per square kilometer, while Thar has a density of more than eighty people per square kilometer. (BBC) With such a large population which continues to grow, it can put a great strain on the environment and the resources it provides. One very important resource that the environment provided is water. Water is the bases for life on Earth and without it humans would not be able to survive. Not only do humans demand water direc tly, they demand it indirectly for the growth of their livestock and crops. Water management in the Thar Desert has to be constantly looked after to ensure that the supply of water will always be present. There are three main ways to get water in the Thar Desert. First, is the rainfall distribution. Second is the terrain type. Third is importing water from outside the area. (Dhir) All of the water management techniques that the Thar people use can be categorized into one of these ways. No one individual method of obtaining water is fully effective by itself. It takes a combination of many techniques to keep a water supply that can sustain the people who are using it. Some techniques rely solely on the weather conditions in a given year and can fluxuate from year to year and are not always dependable. This is why multiple techniques are used to obtain water, in case one fails there are others to fall back on. The soils in the Thar Desert does not allow for water to remain at the ground surface. The soil is made up of loose and porous sand. This allows for the rainwater to quickly be absorbed by the soil and any extra water moves straight down to the ground water reservoirs, via percolation. Unless the water is captured before it hits the soils surface or contained in something at the surface there is no way to access it without going into the ground water reservoirs. (Irrigation) Capturing rain water would be much easier if more of it came to the Thar Desert. The rainfall that is received is relatively low. In the west, the desert receives 4 inches or less of rain fall and in the east about 20 inches of rainfall. (Britannica) The amount of rainfall an area gets is dependent upon where it is located. The rain is sporadic in most parts. Up to nine-tenths of the rain received by the Thar Desert comes between June and September which is the monsoon season. (Agrican and Irrigation) Due to the fluxuation in rain, in regards to when it arrives, it causes agriculture to fluxuate with it. Before the rains arrive the land production is very poor and after the rains have arrived the land is very productive. In a sense the rainfall determines whether or not there will be an opportunity to grow crops effectively. The more rainfall means there is more availability for crop production and the less rainfall means there is less availability for crop production. After a good rainfall when the desert is full of nutrients and succulent grasses a large number of cattle from the Nara Valley in Pakistan and adjoining areas come to graze in the desert. (Irrigation) Herders also take advantage of the rainfall and move their cattle to areas where the grasses are plentiful and nutritious. When there is not a good rainfall herders must find others areas to grazer their cattle which might include irrigated areas. Other ways to make use of the monsoon rains are to cultivate patches of land that is suitable in the low ground. These low grounds are found between sand-mounds (talis, tals or dhars). When the rains are deemed adequate for cultivating crops these areas are taken advantage of. Budgeting the water can be an effective way to manage the water that is available and relate it to the potential crop production it could yield. A formula was derived consisting of four variables: the availability of reserve supply of soil profile moisture (M), in a given period varies under the influence of rainfall (P), runoff (S), percolation (U) and evapotranspiration (ET). (Sen) The equation for the balance of water is P = S  ± M  ± U + ET. Water budget studies have shown that evapotranspiration accounts for 75-80 percent of the rainfall, percolation accounts for 5-10 percent, and 10-15 percent of the rainfall contributed to increasing the moisture of the soil profile when there is no water going to run-off. Techniques used to balance water on an agricultural farm in the Thar Desert include improving infiltration, deep percolation, control of evapotranspiration, and harvesting run-off. Infiltration can be done by bunding, shattering of hard pan or preparatory tillage. Deep p ercolation can be improved by soil compaction. Improving the control over evapotranspiration can be established by control of evaporation. Harvesting run-off can be improved by inter-plot water harvesting or inter-row water harvesting. By improving the means of which water is budgeted can cause the water that is acquired to be used more effectively for farming practices instead of being acquired by the land where is becomes more difficult to obtain. Irrigation is a means of importing water in from another area and can be used in combination with water budgeting of the rain fall of an area. It is the main way that the people of the Thar support their agriculture. Between 1951 and 1980 there were at least 1,127 irrigation projects that were classified as major or medium that were taken up. Of the 1,127 projects 506 were complete, 17 were almost completed and the others were yielding partial benefits. (Prakash) There was a goal set to achieve 1,130 lakh hectares of grass irrigation potential which was the assessed target. This goal caused an increase in the development of policy for implementing irrigation projects. Irrigation projects have been going on in the Thar Desert long before the 1950s. The Gang Canal Project was started in 1920 and completed in 1928. The project consisted of the construction of a canal that would irrigate the north western part of Ganganagar and have a total length of 1,251 km in Rajasthan. The Bikaner Ca nal would feed into the newly constructed Gang Canal and potentially provide water to the extent of cultural command area (CCA) of three 07,692 ha. (Kuma) This is just one irrigation project that was created and currently still operating in the Thar Desert. Another irrigation project is the Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana (IGNP). This projects main goal was to fetch the river water to the waste stretches of desert in western Rajasthan from the Himalayas. (Kuma) The water would be diverted in Punjab from the Hari-ke-Barrage and travel to Rajasthan. This project started in 1958; one of the 1,127 projects developed and was considered a partial irrigation facility in 1961. The project was separated into two different stages. The first stage focused on the 0-74 km of the main canal and stage 2 focused on the 74-189 km of the main canal. The completion of this irrigation project would potential bring irrigation to 15.85 lakh hectare of semi-arid and arid desert wasteland in a cultural command area spanning across four districts of the Thar Desert of Rajasthan, namely Ganganager, Bikaner, Hanumangarh and Jaisalmer. (Kuma) This project would help to irrigate almost the entire western side of Rajasthan by merely diverting the water from another a rea. In the area of Nagaroarkar, specifically the inland section, the Sind government set up experiments to try to improve water availability. These experiments took place between 1968 and 1969 and possibly could have been included in the 1,127 irrigation projects. The Sind government developed six flood irrigation schemes and four tank construction schemes, Gordharo Bhatiani flood scheme, Ranpur Basin-cum-Inundation Scheme, Surachand Flood irrigation scheme and Bhodosar, Tobiriyo, Nabisar and Ghartiara tanks. (Irrigation) These experiments were successful and provided water reservoirs in these inland sections of Nagarparkar. The reservoirs were used for multiple months after the initial water was stored. The success of these experiments showed that ideas such as these need to be replicated and applied to other areas and try to increase the performance of the ideas. (Agrican and Irrigation) Other areas in the Sind portion of the desert presented promising ideas for the improvement and development of water availability. One development was to repair the existing well and ponds that can be repaired and this action is suitable for the entire desert. A second development was to dig deeper wells and it is mostly suitable for areas along the aquifers in the central and eastern portion so the desert. A third development was to dig a canal from the Indus River which once completed would allow for more expansion of the canal system reaching a wider area. A fourth development was the collection of the rainwater in more effective ways specifically focused on the construction of reservoirs with supporting deep tube-wells. These four developments along with the expansion of the irrigation experiments were compiled in 1985 and fall into the three ways of obtaining water; rainfall, terrain and importing. So over the years since 1920 the development of irrigation projects and other mea ns of acquiring water availability has been an ongoing process. (Agrican and Irrigation) Besides irrigation systems there are also means of conserving what surface water is available from the rainfall. Surface water can be gathered in traditional nadis (small ponds), tankas (underground covered tanks) or khadins (water harvesting structures for agriculture). The nadis are one of the major sources of drinking water both for human and livestock consumption. The nadis are dug by villagers in locations that are deemed natural for catching water in higher yield potential. They are constructed to an optimum size, in dune areas from 1.5 meters to 4 meters and in sandy plain 3 meter to 12 meters, and their depth is typically to the zone of calcrete formation. The nadis are used for an entire village if possible and the water supply that is stored in them could last anywhere from two months to a year after the rains depending on the water usage of the villagers (Centre for Science and Environment). Tankas on the other hand might be owned by an individual family or by the communit y. Tankas are being replaced with pipe-water supplies now since they were mostly used in remote areas. (Dhir) Tankas are underground tanks that are built within a main house or the courtyard of a house. They are constructed during the winter and summer seasons when there is available labor since people are not needed for agricultural labor during these seasons. The tanks consist of a hole dug into the ground about ten feet deep that is circular and is lined with fine polished lime. The catchment area of about 30 feet radius is made sloping towards the tank inlet. (Jhunjhunwala) In the tank rainwater is collected by means of gravity and it the rain falls directly into the tank. To keep the water that is collected cooler, they decorate the tankas with tiles. The water that is collected in the tankas is used for drinking water only for a single family. The water stored in the tank can last for six to nine months. In years when there is less rainfall the tankas can be filled by transporting water from nearby wells and tanks. This means of collecting rain water is used mostly in areas far from ot her water sources. The positive effects of tankas include the women not having to leave the home to obtain water, there is an assured supply of water for domestic use, the construction of a tankas is cheaper than paying for water and having to transport it, and having a tankas can be considered a means of social respect. The main negative effect of tankas is that they take up land that could otherwise be used for agriculture. (Centre for Science and Environment) (Jhunjhunwala) Khadins are water harvesting structure used for agriculture. They are also known as dhora. Their purpose is to catch the surface runoff water. Its main feature is a very long (100-300m) earthen embankment built across the lower hill slopes lying below gravelly uplans. (Centre for Science and Environment) This allows the excess water to drain off and be gathered and used to on the land to assist with crop production. http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Rural/img/Khadins-img.jpg (http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org) Water management all comes down to the techniques used and if they are effective in that specific area and if there an opportunity to apply the technique to other areas or possibly improve upon the technique. Projects and experiments have been used to establish these techniques in irrigation but they have the potential to be used to discover and improve upon techniques to manage rain fall. One example of an improvement made to a technique that is already practiced is the modification of tankas. The modification consists of collecting rain water from the roof and by means of pipes transports it into the tank for storage and later use. This allows the land that would be used to construct the tankas can be used for agricultural use. (Jhunjhunwala) The water tank schemes that were tested by the Sind government were shown to be effective and tanks were implanted in other areas. The water tank is also known as johad and they provide water for both humans and cattle. They are constructed on public land and all of the people in the community have equal right to use the water in the johad, because of the common use of the johad they are often placed in areas not far from the majority of the people. To construct a johad the land has to be level and there must be clay soil so that the rain water will collect in the tank. The johad is made between January and June must be cleaned out every year as well. (Jhunjhunwala) The source of water supply can be categorized into the three main sources. These sources are rainfall, ponds and wells. In some cases there might be lakes of water also available. The rain water is collect in tarias (ponds) which only last about three to nine months. Tarais are short lived because of their size, the amount of rain water received, how fast the water is evaporating and how permeable the layers beneath the water are. The water that is contained in the tarais is fresh and used for domestic purposes of drinking and cattle watering too. Tarais are very common, in fact most villages has a tarai. Tarais also have a positive effect; their significant influence to the top seated aquifers, namely their water seeps slowly down to the ground water reservoir and freshens the brackish or saline in situ water, making it suitable for drinking and other purposes. (Irrigation) Due to this positive effect wells are often dug close to tarais. The wells are created to reach the water supply more effective. They provide almost 95% of the water that is required for an area. Wells that are built too shallow can cause problems through. They can turn brackish after time and this is a waste of money in the construction of shallow wells. (Agrican and Irrigation) The construction of a well consists of a wooden foundation in the bottom of the well in the shape of the wheel. The sides of the well are lined with green branches and brushwood in a wicker work formation. Depending on the localities in the interior of the well, such as wells between 40-100 meters, these well are lined with burnt bricks. (Irrigation) Since there has been no systematic hydrogeological investigation in the Thar Desert, there is no way of knowing if all the aquifers that exist have been discovered and put to use. Aquifers are part of the terrain aspect of obtaining water. Aquifers horizons have been assumed to exist and are grouped into three categories. The shallowest aquifers have a water table depth between a few meters and 20 meters. The medium aquifers have water table depths between 20 meters and 50 meters. The deepest aquifers have water table depths between 50 meters and over 100 meters. It is believed that the deep aquifer is present in the central and eastern parts of the Thar Desert and might be continuous or discontinuous with a mono or multi-layered structure. In most parts of the aquifer the water quality is fresh to slightly brackish but some parts of the aquifer are severely brackish and unfit for use. (Irrigation) Water in the Thar Desert is saris and a valued environmental resource. A great deal of effort has gone into designing developments, testing experiments and implementing projects to increase the water availability in the Thar Desert. The water is used for both domestic use and farming use for cattle and crops. Ideas and projects can always be built upon and improved to increase their effectiveness. Water management techniques can date back to at least the 1920s with the first project title but they occurred long before that time and they will continue to occur to support the Thar peoples way of life.

Motives of Adolf Hitler in Audens Epitaph on a Tyrant and September 1,

Adolf Hitler was a very powerful man, and had a disturbing vision of how the world should be. W.H. Auden was interested in Adolf Hitler, and this interest can be seen in Auden’s poetry. September 1, 1939 and Epitaph on a Tyrant are two poems in which Auden scrutinizes Hitler’s actions. Auden uses symbolism in these two poems to illustrate the different aspects of Hitler’s life and actions. To begin with, Epitaph on a Tyrant personified Hitler’s obsession with â€Å"perfection of a kind.† The obsession with â€Å"perfection† that Hitler held and the dream of a world where blonde hair and blue eyes ruled upset Auden. To attempt genocide on all non-Aryan races was an atrocity and Epitaph on a Tyrant embodied Auden’s emotions of the ethnic cleansing at the hands of the Nazis. Auden empathized with homosexuals, Jews, gypsies, and other minority groups who were the scapegoats of World War II. Auden himself was a homosexual, and for this reason felt saddened that Hitler would persecute people like him based on their sexual orientation. Hitler controlled ever facet of Germany, exemplifying a judge, demanding order in Hitler’s court. The power that Hitler had was astounding and was accurately portrayed during Epitaph on a Tyrant. Hitler’s power knew no bounds and â€Å"when he laughed, respectable senators burst with laughter.† Fear is instilled upon not only Germany’s citizens, but also in its government, when even the senators cannot oppose Hitler. They laugh not because Hitler is funny, but because they fear for their lives. There was only one god during the Third Reich, and that god was Hitler, worshipped by all. When Hitler laughs, everyone else does as well, because upsetting a god like Hitler was a very unpleasant scene. Epitaph on a Tyrant... ...eptember 1, 1939 shows that â€Å"What huge imago made / A psychopathic god.† The parenting that Hitler had led to his aggression and Auden demonstrates this through the symbolism in his poetry. The symbolism that was used throughout Epitaph on a Tyrant and September 1, 1939 illustrate the many aspects of Adolf Hitler’s life and actions. The insights made by Auden on Hitler were numerous, and the examples given previously are few of many. Auden’s sympathy with those who were persecuted by the leader of the National Socialist German Workers' Party extended to his poetry. In Auden’s poetry, Auden gave reasons for why the Chancellor of Germany during the time of World War II was the way he was. The unspeakable crimes that Hitler committed drove Auden to delve into all aspects of Adolf’s life, searching for the truth of what made Germany’s only human God so terribly inhuman.

Every Person Is an Architect of His Own Future

Every person is an architect of his future. Discuss. First draft Batyrkhan Saniya, ID 20122886 Academic Reading and Writing Course GEN 1120 Turgan Zhanadilov 12 February 2013 Outline I. Introduction. Thesis statement: Although some people believe that it is quite hard to manage the future because of inevitable fate, there seem to be no doubt that the person and only person is a creator of the future. II. Body. A. First, the future depends on person’s attitude to life. 1. Inspiring yourself 2. Doing everything with love B.Second, person and only person can create favorable conditions in his or her life. 1. Experience of successful people D. However, some people argue that no one can manage the future. 1. The destiny 2. Life circumstances III. Conclusion. Meaning of the â€Å"Every man is an architect of his future† make the public understand the phrase in different ways. Some people become rich and successful by a chance, while others reach their goals after a long strug gle. According to Dahl & Ransom (1999), wealthy people may help to poor people, but they will not make poor people become as rich as they are.Why they will not make them rich? Someone may say that wealthy man cannot make poor man rich because being poor and being wealthy is the fate. Others may say that living in wealth depends on person: if poor person do not want to be rich, he will not be rich; but he can be wealthy if he really want it. Some people believe in nature’s laws that everything in this world is related and nothing can happen just like you want; while others know that everything in their hands, that they are masters of their life, they are making their destiny by themselves.Although some people believe that it is quite hard to manage the future because of inevitable fate, there seem to be no doubt that the person and only person is a creator of the future. One of the main reasons for saying that everyone is an architect of his future is the person’s attit ude to life. Our future is what we are thinking and doing now. We creating next day by thoughts, wishes, behavior, etc. That is true! There is not only one possible course of events in your life. Every person has several variants of a destiny, and everyone choose the way which he or she wants to follow.The problem is how people feel about a situation that forces them to make this choice. Almost everyone meet with some obstacles on their life road, and many people see them as something irresistible, irreparable. Others see these obstacles as a challenge. They see them as not a dead end, but the opportunity. In all the events that happen around us, for someone there are opportunities and for others may be â€Å"dead end†. For example, Steil (2007) in his article mentioned about a girl, who almost lost the ability to see and move because of accident, weird accident.Doctors said that the situation is very bad, and many people may give up in her place. However, this girl believed herself and in her strength, she was positively-oriented to everything. It was reflected in her attitude to herself and other people. No matter how the situation was bad, she could struggle with this obstacle and move straight to her goals. Another reason is that the person and only person can create favorable conditions in his or her life. The one of good examples for that are the successful people.Not getting that promotion can make person feel like the end of the world, but people who are the idols for whole world show that devastating failures are just another stop on the road to success. For example, Marilyn Monroe's first contract with Columbia Pictures expired because they told her she wasn't pretty or talented enough to be an actress. Monroe  kept plugging away and now she is one of the most iconic actresses and sex symbols of all time (http://marilynmonroe. com/history/).Oprah Winfrey was fired from her television reporting job because they told her she wasn't fit to be o n screen. But  Winfrey rebounded  and became the undisputed queen of television talk shows. She's also a billionaire (http://www. oprah. com/index. html). These are the one of the world's greatest success stories of people, who just happen to have experience of massive failure that could have easily made them give-up. But they didn't and now they're the monuments of success that they are remembered for, a good source of encouragement when it feels like you will never make it to the top.However, some people argue that no one can manage the future because of the destiny and life circumstances. As Conchalovsky says (2005), â€Å"For every person, there is a destiny. Nothing happens accidentally, everything happens because of some law or other things. † There is a nature’s law that everything comes from something, all subjects and objects are related to each other. Another example is inevitable life situations occurring frequently nowadays that can ruin plans of human at anytime. But, as it was written, the attitude to life helps to fight with these situations.To conclude, our life is complex and unpredictable. Often people think that no one can hide from the fate, that we were born and live on a particular scenario, and that everything what destined above will happen. But few of us have thought about the fact that person creates the future, person’s actions, thoughts, desires and feelings. Always remember that people are the creators of the future, so they must create it with enthusiasm, reveal the creative potential. Reference list: Ransom, M. R. , ; Dahl, G. B. (1999).Does Where You Stand Depend on Where You Sit? Tithing Donations and Self-Serving Beliefs. American Economic Review  (pp. 703–727). American Economic Association. Retrieved February 9, 2013 from www. jstor. org Steil, M. (2007). Chto takoe pozitivnoe otnoshenie k zhizni? Retrieved February 8, 2013 from www. shkolazhizni. ru Baraban, E. (2007). â€Å"The Fate of a Man† by Sergei Bondarchuk and the Soviet Cinema of Trauma. The Slavic and East European Journal,  51(3), 514–534. Retrieved February 10, 2013 from: http://www. jstor. org/stable/20459525 .

King Leopold’s Ghost: A Critical Book Review Essay

At the beginning of the 18th century, Africa became a target of European imperialism. Prior to the said period, Africa only served as trading post for ensuring the flow of goods to Europe. It was also one of the chief sources of slaves. The Portuguese established small settlements on the Cape of Good Hope and Eastern Africa. The Spaniards colonized some parts of Western Sahara and Morocco. During this period, much of Africa was still unknown to the Europeans. It was a land of mystery and barbarism (from the descriptions of Spanish and Portuguese chroniclers). From 1850 to 1870, the European powers divided Africa into several colonies. The British received Sudan, Egypt, South Africa, and most of central Africa. North Africa, except Libya (which was allocated to Italy) was given to France. Germany received Tanzania, Togo, Cameroon, and Western Africa. The Spanish and Portuguese retained their possessions. At the Berlin Conference (headed by Otto von Bismarck), the European powers were surprised at Belgium’s insistence of acquiring colonies in Africa. After a careful review of territorial arrangements, the European powers agreed to give Belgium Congo. King Leopold’s insistence on acquiring Congo was essentially based on two reasons. First, according to official record, he wanted to stop the so-called Arab slave trade. The Arab slave trade had its origins in the Portuguese slave trade in the 16th century. The Arabs provided a significant supply of slaves to the Portuguese. King Leopold wanted to put an end to this practice as it jeopardized the dignity of the Christian religion. Second, King Leopold wanted to increase his property holdings. King Leopold believed that the future and prosperity of his country depended on acquisitions in Africa. Leopold witnessed the progress Britain enjoyed after it acquired a significant number of colonial possessions. The same thing can be said about France and Germany. Leopold wanted to make Belgium an equal partner of the other European powers in propagating European culture and ideology to Africa. General Summary The first chapters of the book provided insight to the colonization of Congo. Henry Stanley, a known advocate of African colonization, wrote a general account of the African life. The account was full of exaggerations and promises, that is, stimulants to pressure the European powers to colonize Africa. Stanley described the Africans as ‘submerging in the ways of barbarism and cannibalism’ – a description that he never saw. The deep prejudice of Stanley towards the people of Africa can be shown in his later writings. He argued that there is a need to educate and train the African people in order that they may become self-sufficient – by self-sufficient, one means the right to self-govern. Stanley’s belief was predominant among European scholars – an element of the so-called ‘white man’s burden hypothesis. ’ In any case, Stanley’s accounts made impression to the rulers of Europe – most of which were keen to acquire more colonies for wealth and prestige. Although it is erroneous to assume that Stanley’s account was the actual cause of European colonization of Africa, Stanley’s account provided sufficient justification for the colonization of the continent. The middle chapters of the book dealt with the main opponent of the Congo government. George Washington Williams was a man of righteous standing – worthy of the name he carried. Most of his life was devoted to denouncing the evils of European imperialism in Africa. He opposed the ‘collectivization of the Congo people’ as a means to increase the wealth of the king. He proposed for a general education program that will train the Congo people to become ‘self sufficient’ – a satirical word Williams used in his writings. He argued for the abolishment of forced labor – a method which he deemed unChristian and immoral. He exposed the true nature of the ‘humanitarian motive’ of the king, arguing that it was merely a front to increase the king’s popularity in Europe. The death of Williams in 1891 did not end the criticisms against the Congo government. Other individuals like William Sheppard and Roger Casement followed the steps of Williams. The intensity of the criticisms forced King Leopold to sell the Congo state to Belgium. The last chapters of the book dealt with the legacy of King Leopold in Congo. His legacies are as follows: 1) The establishment of tobacco and rubber plantations throughout the Congo State resulted to famine and forced conscription. Because much of the agricultural land was utilized for tobacco and rubber plantations, the production of agricultural crops decreased by about 70%. Many people died from starvation and disease. Many people who worked in these plantations lost their arms, legs, and noses because most of the equipment used were unsafe. Those who failed to meet the required quota were either thrown into prison or sold to wealthy landowners. Children, women, and the elderly were required to work for about 16 hours a day – worse than the factory system in Europe; 2) King Leopold destroyed the cultural life of the people of Congo. The royal governors neglected and even repressed cultural practices in an attempt to inculcate Western values to the Congo people. Of course, such effort failed. It was impossible to inculcate Western values because the Congo people saw it as the driving force of oppression. In any case, the royal governors succeeded in destroying the cultural life of the Congo people by increased brutality – only by brutality would people lost faith on their own way of living. The King’s Ghost The brutality of the Congo State was first and foremost the reflection of the king’s image. In private, he expressed his deepest prejudice to the Africans – which in his view were nothing but primates and sources of labor. Yes, he disgruntled slavery, so long as it does not concern the Europeans. The white man’s burden was essentially based on prejudicial philanthropy. The king only possessed prejudicial qualities and never philanthropy – a very concept which he himself despised. In any case, his death did not signal the end of oppression in Congo. The oppression continued until Congo’s independence from Belgium in 1960 – the year in which European imperialism in Africa ended – or supposed to have ended. The King’s Property It was Stanley’s description of the Arab slave trade which made significant impression to King Leopold. From the official records, Leopold argued that the only barrier to prosperity in central Africa was the Arab slave trade – a phenomenon that must be stopped. However, King Leopold wanted Congo for the following reasons: 1) Leopold saw Congo as a source of wealth and income. Upon acquiring Congo, Leopold proceeded to institute repressive administration tasked to extract wealth from the country. Ivory, minerals, and other precious objects were acquired by forced labor. Populations were ‘collectivized’ in order for the system to be more efficient and cost effective. When Henry Stanley became governor of the Congo State, he instituted policies that further the suffering of the Congo people. Tobacco was planted instead of traditional crops in a significant portion of Congo’s agricultural lands. Congo’s tobacco would be sold to Europe at a considerable price. The effect: there was widespread famine in Congo; 2) King Leopold wanted to build his reputation as a ‘philanthropist’ in the eyes of the European powers. Leopold initially doubted this approach, arguing that it was generally deviant from the methods used by other European powers. Stanley advised him that such approach was the most appropriate. He would gain fame and more importantly an important economic base in Africa. His ulterior motive of ‘becoming a philanthropist’ was somehow facilitated by his eradication of the Arab slave trade in Congo – which in actuality, he replaced by forced labor. A Picture of Congo The followers of Williams painted a general picture of Congo. According to them, Congo was: 1) A land of opportunity where the people can be exploited and robbed of their possessions. For the Europeans, the most priced asset of a colony was its inhabitants. Forcing inhabitants to work for about 16 hours a day was excruciating for the Europeans. It demanded more creative means of ‘persuading’ people to increase their quotas; 2) A land of desolation where famine and disease were everywhere. The syllabus of European imperialism called for the introduction of science and medicine to alleviate peoples’ sufferings. The Congo State did the opposite. Instead of allotting food and medicine to the poor, it used its official coercive powers to destroy life, property, and liberty; 3) A land of primates whose hands tittered with mud and suffering. A group of primates (Africans) for Leopold would never equal a poor Belgian. From King Leopold’s view, the efficacy of effective colonial rule rested on the laurels of brutality. If the colonized people were ‘primitive’, then it was the work of the colonizer to further the suffering of the people. The hand of the primate, remarked Leopold was worth more than the mind of a European gazer (but never his personality). Conclusion Hochschild’s picture of Congo is accurate in three respects. First, most of the accounts used were directly derived from personal accounts of former slaves, plantation workers, and prisoners. Although it is possible that the accounts might be a little exaggerated, the flow of theme is generally in unity. Two things are certain. First, King Leopold acquired the Congo State for his personal use (increase his wealth and prestige). Second, his policies led to increased suffering to the Congo people. In any case, one cannot deny the fact that the ravages of European imperialism were also present in other parts of Africa. Only in Congo were the ravages greatly manifested itself in the policies and directives of the royal governors. This is not a proclaimed hypothesis; this is fact – a reality that every individual must know. Bibliography Hochschild, Adam. King Leopold’s Ghost. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1998.

Outline and Critically Evaluate the design Argument Essays

Outline and Critically Evaluate the design Argument Essays Outline and Critically Evaluate the design Argument Essay Outline and Critically Evaluate the design Argument Essay Essay Topic: Natural Theology Also known as the Teleological Argument, Originating from the Latin word for teleos meaning distance, the Design Argument is the basis for the existence of God, or at least the existence of a designer. Many Theologians such as Charles Darwin, Michael Paley and David Hume have all commented on their views concerning this argument, which I shall consider in my assessment. The Design argument states that the cosmos shows signs of designer in its regularity; Seasons, day and night and phases of the moon, and that certain features serve specific purposes (teats for several young). Such design needs to have been created by a designer, the designer being God. This implies that the universe was created for an eventual, distant purpose, whether known or to be found. This specific argument has two parts to consider when discussing certain aspects. Design qua regularity and Design qua Purpose. Design Qua Regularity apposes that the universe shows sign of regularity as exampled before, but raises the question of how. Philosophers supporting this argument believe that such signs can conclude a designer at work. Design Qua Purpose suggests that some characteristics of the cosmos point toward a purpose. Certain elements seem to correspond with others for no apparent reason other than pure design. As if the world were a machine, God, the designer, has engineered and supervised his designs specifically to keep regularity upon it. A good supportive account used when discussing the Design argument is found in Natural Theology, called The watch and the watchmaker, William Paley. Paley argues that just like the watch in his story, some things have a clear purpose like the sun, to give light and heat, whereas other things such as the stone and other planets have no clear purpose that we yet know of. His narrative is convincing in the way he uses the watch and its parts to show specificity of design and purpose. He explains that although we have not seen the watch produced, we know it has a designer who intended it to be used for a reason. We cannot be ignorant and simply suggest that a stone serves no purpose just because we know not of it and have not seen it personally created. Neither can we simply conclude that pure chance allowed the cosmos to occur. Natural instinct, resulting in survival and Newtons law of motion were also viewed to aid Paleys beliefs. Perhaps the most famous argument of design, I feel this story shows a broad understanding of the question in mind and portrays a simple, understandable prospect of the Design argument. Another, more obvious place to find support of the design argument can be seen in the Bible. Genesis shows evidence of Regularity and Purpose as well as design. Lights to put light upon the earth and the evening and the morning Although some people may not believe the teachings of the Bible, there appears to be some sense behind these writings, which corresponds with the theories of Theologians worldwide. As with any discussion, there happens to be an opposition in the form of David Hume. He criticized the design argument as seen in Dialogues concerning natural religion, David Hume, where he finds Paleys suggestions absurd and irrelevant to the existence of design. Instead, and rather sarcastically, Hume implies that a cabbage makes a better example of purpose, but doesnt necessarily conclude a dominant figure behind its existence, instead pure mystery or science. He also embarks on the fact that many Gods may have been involved in the creation of the universe, agreeing with other religious beliefs, he portrays an anti Judaic-Christian concept, questioning monotheism. As we ourselves can see, the world is far from perfect, Hume included, faulty first rude essay of some infant deity who afterwards abandoned it. Humes theories closely link to a more scientific, modern approach to such arguments. Similarities occur when discussing the apparent existence of the world and inhabitants of it. Hume believes that the world shows evidence of regularity as expected from such a great thing otherwise it could not continue. Scientists have concluded their own theory, steering away from religious stereotypical views, but closely relating their discoveries to issues raised in religious beliefs. The big bang theory states that the universe began 15,000 million years ago, with the explosion of a dense nucleus matter, hence the big bang. This discovery catches out the Bible as the universe is actually Older than we once thought. This could deter peoples opinions towards this theory and criticize more religious views. By measuring the distance between stars, scientists were able to make these discoveries and conclude that the universe is always expanding, showing natural movement and creation. The Biblical account could be counted as myth, although inaccurate, it shows meaning and thought behind its teachings and some truth. Let there be light (Genesis) could be interpreted as the big bang, but in simple terms for instance. Another Critic to consider is John Stuart Mill. He raises the same point as Hume in that the world is far from perfect with pain and suffering, both naturally e. g. hurricanes, droughts, and floods together with man-made suffering such as war. He argues that God being the all powerful figure in question has all abilities to aid in the decrease of such events, but intentionally creates such situations as believed by others. Immoral and evil is not the view commonly taken on board when thinking of such a being, but can be considered when deciding the success of the world in the eyes of a designer. He therefore concludes that there can be no designer or that such a designer has corrupt intentions. Individuals could argue that these occurrences serve a purpose, either as punishments or to eventually lead to good, much the same way a divorce could work. You could be happy or equally depressed as a result, contradicting all possibility of a motive. A more famous Critic to this argument is Charles Darwin. In his travels among the Galapagos Islands, he noted that Giant tortoises belonging to different islands had distinguishing features that differed to their relatives. He concluded that the tortoises had somehow adapted to their environment to suit their needs. He realised that this fact contradicted the Teleological argument and therefore needed to be considered among such discussions. Having gained such knowledge of the way in which species evolve, he looked at the evolution of man, clearly seeing that our ancestors take form in the shape of monkeys. Darwin made this discovery apparent to the Victorians who of course were disgusted with his tales, mainly due to the fact that they believed that animals had no souls. This is because the Bible clearly states that God made man in his own image, not as monkeys or apes. But Darwin was right and so scientists continued their discoveries and studies on evolution and survival of the fittest. Darwins book The origin of species persuaded people that we should look upon fact and science, steering people away from their religious beliefs. The Anthropic principle is another form of the Design argument that focuses on the argument towards design. Knowing that Darwins theories contradict the Bible and previous beliefs, it claims that the cosmos breeds development and evolution of intelligent life. The evolution of man and animals was not coincidence but a product of design and purpose. Supporters of this design are Tennant and Swinburne. Swinburne concludes that the cosmos could just as easily be chaotic as it is governed. The fact that it is not, to him, suggests design and a designer, over ruling chance and coincidence. He decided that the fact that the universe is so complex means that there had to be a designer, the most likely figure being God. Tennant believed the opposite to Swinburne, chaos among the universe could be possible. He realised that there was order present but didnt claim it to be an impossibility. The universe to him was also seen as a development ground for intelligent life to grow and flourish in such environments provided. The next form of the anthropic principle is the argument from design. This can be associated with critics such as Paley as it appeals to instances of design among the cosmos. Using both forms it is possible to reach some kind of conclusion about the design and purpose of the universe. We could say that the Bible cannot always be taken literally but we should not overrule the theories included. In some instances, design could be present but not totally confirmed. It seems as though for every breakthrough there is a downfall when discussing the Teleological argument. Maybe we should be more open-minded and develop new ways of thinking like Darwin. Even so we must take into account the previous comments and theories used time and time before if we are to reach any justified conclusion. I believe that the cosmos does indeed shoes sign or regularity, perhaps pointing toward design but not concluding design. I can see the reasons behind such claims but cannot back them as I believe that the universe could just as easily have been formed by chance or possibly the big bang. I would say that the Biblical account is more about a story than fact, as the people who wrote it had no knowledge of the scientific discoveries around now such as natural selection. I am just as confused and un-convinced as before, but hold greater knowledge of the factors effecting the way we discuss and think about the way in which we view the Design Arguemnt.

A Tragic Hero Essays - Literature, Arts, Culture, The Crucible

A Tragic Hero Essays - Literature, Arts, Culture, The Crucible A Tragic Hero Heroes are viewed as vital to a story within American literature. These heroes accomplish both big and small feats in their own stories. They can help a whole city that's in danger, or just help themselves get over some internal conflict. Whichever situation they fulfill, they're considered a hero and have a special place within any kind of story. In literature we have a specific kind of hero that often makes appearances in stories, this would be a tragic hero. A tragic hero has flaws and makes errors, just like an ordinary person, which makes it easier for readers to relate to the hero and pity them (Miller). The hero's story also displays how they must make a difficult decision that could have effect on many people close to them. A prime example of a tragic hero would be John Proctor from The Crucible . Proctor fulfills many of the characteristics of a tragic hero, he has major flaws and has to make many crucial decisions throughout the play. Due to his actions within the play, while also dealing with the repercussions of his past mistakes, he can easily be considered a tragic hero. John Proctor, like any other human, made mistakes in his past. He has an affair with the household servant, Abigail Williams. She is the niece of Reverend Parris, who preaches at the local church. Parris is disliked by a majority of the town of Salem due to his extreme preaching about how everyone is going to hell. John Proctor dislikes and distrusts Parris a great deal, which in turn causes him to not attend church and not have his youngest child baptised. These facts are used against him later in the play because another man, Reverend Hale, wrongly judges him and makes him look bad to the court. So when he tries to save his wife and present evidence that make her look good, the court already views him badly. Once Proctor is accused of witchcraft he faces his biggest decision he has to make, Overall, Proctor is a good man that falls into bad situations and makes mistakes, like any other person. It's how he handles those issues and what he goes through that makes him a tragic he ro. According to Aristotle, a tragic hero is a literary character who makes a judgement error that inevitably leads to his/her own destruction. In The Crucible, John Proctor's judgement error would be his affair with Abigail. He finally realizes the only way to get the trails to stop However, what really leads to his destruction is his flaw, his excessive pride also known as hubris. At the end of the play, when he almost confesses, he refuses to let the court post his confession on the church door and tears the confession up. This shows how his pride got in the way and led him to accept his death. Obviously he had other reasons for not confessing including regaining his goodness and dignity, which also build his character as a tragic hero. There are two things that Proctor holds close to him, his wife and his good name. In attempt to save both of these things, he initially admits to the affair between him and Abigail. This is the major decision he makes that he thinks will discredit Abigail and her friends in the court: A man may think God sleeps, but God sees everything, I know it now. I beg you, sir, I beg yousee her what she is. . . . She thinks to dance with me on my wife's grave! And well she might, for I thought of her softly. God help me, I lusted, and there is a promise in such sweat. But it is a whore's vengeance, and you must see it; I set myself entirely in your hands. (Miller 873) Because he makes this significant decision it adds to him being a tragic hero due to Aristotle's description of a tragic hero. His actions were honorable due to the fact that he exposed himself and his mistakes for the well being of his wife and their marriage. Over the course of The Crucible John Proctor did many things to

Chemical Composition of Petroleum

Chemical Composition of Petroleum Petroleum or crude oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and other chemicals. The composition varies widely depending on where and how the petroleum was formed. In fact, chemical analysis can be used to fingerprint the source of petroleum. However, raw petroleum or crude oil has characteristic properties and composition. Hydrocarbons in Crude Oil There are four main types of hydrocarbons found in crude oil. paraffins (15-60%)naphthenes (30-60%)aromatics (3-30%)asphaltics (remainder) The hydrocarbons primarily are alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Elemental Composition of Petroleum Although there is considerable variation between the ratios of organic molecules, the elemental composition of petroleum is well-defined: Carbon - 83 to 87%Hydrogen - 10 to 14%Nitrogen - 0.1 to 2%Oxygen - 0.05 to 1.5%Sulfur - 0.05 to 6.0%Metals - 0.1% The most common metals are iron, nickel, copper, and vanadium. Petroleum Color and Viscosity The color and viscosity of petroleum vary markedly from one place to another. Most petroleum is dark brown or blackish in color, but it also occurs in green, red, or yellow.

Globalisation and employment relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Globalisation and employment relations - Essay Example At this point Herod provides an avenue upon which we can understand the employment relationship that exist between the owners of capital and the people who work in their firms .He observes that people offer their labor services to the owners of capital but they do not get compensation equal to the value they create in the final products. This way Herod is able to bring out a very clear picture of the employment relationship that exist in the capitalist society. In addition, Herod argues that capitalism presents different types of employment relations some of which are capitalist in nature while others are not, for instance, they are people who are self-employed and they do not hire people to get labor services. In this case, they are not engaged in capitalist mode of production though they may buy materials from other people and this is what Herod refers to as capitalist social relationship. Globalization is seen as penetrating, places that were traditional before and conquering them and hence becoming very powerful. This ability to dominate makes it almost impossible for workers to win against the Trans-National Companies (TNCs) in case of labor disputes. This is because the TNCs have the capacity to hire reputable lawyers and move around the labor laws and regulations in the host country. The TNCs also have the capacity translate the local languages and traditions allowing them to be able to dominate the local workers who are divided by the same traditions and language barriers. To help us appreciate further the employment relations, Herod compares the kind of relationship that exists between the workers and the employers in East Europe and in Western countries. For instance, in Eastern Europe, workers and employers came together and formed groups to enhance their chances of accessing government resources as privatization of state parastatals started. On the other hand, labor organizations found themselves in a dilemma in trying to cushion their members from the negative effects of privatization and at the same time being against the people from the old order who wanted to benefit only themselves. Globalization, according to Herod is also seen as ‘Westernization’ or ‘Modernization’ where the Western values of capitalism and democracy are to be spread out to the rest o f the world. The spatial difference will be done away with as the rest of the world adopts capitalism especially the Least Developed Countries (LDCS).The developing countries are viewed as lagging behind and as time goes by they will catch up with the Western countries and become like them. Modernization therefore seems to a process that occurs geographically as modern values spread from more advanced nations to traditional nations especially the third world countries. The less developed nations will do away with dictatorships and embrace democracy as the modern form of government. Herod goes on to examine the assertion that globalization is dilut ing the power of the Nation-State as individual Nations are forced to deregulate the market and at the same time relinquish their duty of offering public goods like education and health. Organizations like the European Union (EU) and the World Trade Organizations (WTO) are said to be eclipsing the Nation-State. However, Herod is of the view that these irrternational organizations may not erase the importance of the individual Nation-States as most of them are

Hispanic American Diversity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hispanic American Diversity - Research Paper Example Among the major Hispanic groups, Mexican Americans take the major portion. The other groups, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, and others have relevant influence in America. These Hispanic or Latino groups, that constitute a major portion among the population of America, are not well considered in the land. This research paper takes a study on Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban, and central/south Americans and analyses the linguistic, political, social, economic, religious and familial problems of these groups in America. Mexicans: Mexicans are the largest group among the Latino Americans. They contribute about one third of all Hispanic groups: â€Å"as of 2002, about 23 percent of Mexican Americans are English dominant, 26 percent are bilingual, and 51 percent are Spanish dominant† (Schaefer, 2006, p. 241). It indicates that Mexicans in America use a different language other than what is commonly spoken in America. Many times the Mexicans are denied of their heritag e towards their language- Spanish. The people who speak Spanish are considered to be less able before those who speak English. This language handicap is there among the people of Mexican Americans. The author, Schaefer in the same book makes out the distinction of Mexicans in terms of language. The students who speak Spanish were separated from the other students and bilingual education started with the hope of changing their native language towards English. The main objective of bilingual education turned to teach English as second language (ESL) among the Spanish spoken students of America in a way paved way for discouraging Spanish and establishing the supremacy of English. This language barrier affected the Mexicans in other aspects like political, social, religious and economic spheres. In the political realm many Hispanic members are considered to be non citizens and are denied to vote. Jamieson et al. observe that â€Å"at the time of the 2000 presidential election, 39 perce nt of Hispanics of voting age were non-citizens compared with only 22 percent of White non-Hispanics† (Schaefer, 2006, p. 245). This indicates that many of the Hispanic groups are not accepted in America. They are cut off at many levels. Even though much disparity is there, the political notion and involvement of Mexicans in it are on the move. If the American political scenario is watched carefully it can be understood that Democrats have gained much benefits from the Hispanic groups. It was evident in the election 2000. Schaefer says that in the election 2000, George W. Bush gained only 35 percent of their votes whereas Al Gore could gain 62 percent of the Hispanic vote. Most of the Mexicans are Roman Catholics and they consider much priority for religion whereas in America they face the language problems in religion too. The Mass in America is enacted mostly in English and these groups are denied to get actively involve with the Holy Mass. In the matters with economic too t he Hispanic Americans face hardships. Knowledge of English is considered to be a pre requisite for economic growth. In considering the economic levels of the Mexicans it can be stated that the economic level of Hispanic or Latino people are much lower than that of the non-Hispanic people. As the author states: â€Å"over the last twenty years, the proportion of Latinos in poverty has been two or three times that of non-Hispanic Whites†

Program development and director Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Program development and director - Article Example Moreover, her family even up to today were not properly compensated financially for her own contribution to the fields of science and medicine; justice demands her family members should have received some form of financial aid to satisfy the requirement of â€Å"fairness in distribution.† Informed consent refers to the process of giving consent (or agreeing to something) to a proposed research study and these potential human subjects for the intended experiment be given an opportunity to decide or choose what shall or shall not happen to them. The consent process consists of three basic elements which are information, comprehension, and voluntariness. It is a crucial step to properly document this process to show that informed consent was properly given and properly obtained, that consent was voluntarily and freely given (Elliott, 2006). The process of informed consent should be different if the participants have only a fifth grade education because it will entail using simple words in plain language to explain to the participants all the information. The aim of this additional obligation is to make it comply with the requirement of comprehension and adapt to the subjects capacities (Belmont Report, 1979). Belmont Report (1979, April 18). Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. U. S. Department of Health & Human Services. Retrieved June 04, 2014 from http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/belmont/html Elliott, M. M. (2006). Research without consent or documentation thereof. In E. A. Bankert & R. J. Amdur (Eds.), Institutional review board: Management and function (pp. 216-221). Sudbury, MA, USA: Jones & Bartlett

Afghanistan and the U.S. military mission there Research Paper

Afghanistan and the U.S. military mission there - Research Paper Example Lingering doubts are due to the constant inability of the US forces to maintain peace, control drug production or strengthen the US supported fragile government in Afghanistan. All these problems have been compounded for McChrystal by a crisis of confidence among Afghans (Holmes 2009). When Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union, he inherited a deteriorating war in Afghanistan (Coll 2009). Gradually though, he planned an exit from the country. Somehow, the circumstances are similar under which President Obama assumed the office. To consolidate this thinking he even announced that US military will plan the exit in eighteen months from now. If this happens than the question remains that whether American Army would have achieved by then which it initially claimed before entering into Afghanistan? Or history will once again repeat itself. US interests in Afghanistan is now almost three decades old. After all, the humiliating defeat mighty USSR faced at the hands of Afghan Mujahidin could not have been possible without the military and financial aid from US (Hanks 2007). Yet, Americans could not make much room in the hearts of Afghans as they left them completely on their own, after using them as front line state to defeat communism. But little did they know that they will have to get back there, and this time not only with their finances but also with human resources. 9/11 attacks proved as a reason or rather justification for the American government to enter in to Afghanistan and uproot the Taliban government which had provided a safe harbor to Usama bin Laden and Al-Qaeda. October 7 of the year 2001, will be marked as the day which changed the history for Afghans, Americans and consequently for the world. US army started their invasion then and by the November 12th of the same year Kabul had been conquered. Since t hen US has deployed almost 65000 soldiers in Afghanistan (Mann 2009), and the number will further increase to 30,000 as per the latest plans

Db3 program capstone Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Db3 program capstone - Research Paper Example For instance, labor migration, mobility and diversity are directly related to globalization. Many researchers, including Mujtaba (2007), focus on management challenges related to diversity management at work. Since all organizations are expected to create friendly, inclusive and non-discriminatory environment where all employees have equal opportunities, it is a real challenge. According to Drucker (2007), global changes have the greatest influence on internal climate in different organizations. Local markets merge and competition moves to global arena; it is the reason why organizations need to be more flexible than ever in order to survive this harsh competition. The outcomes of globalization need to be addressed complexly. Each consequence requires a special solution depending on corporate culture and people who work in the organization. Generally, diversity management practice and innovative approach to leadership and performance evaluations help organizations to work effectively in rapidly changing environment. In summary, globalization is an umbrella term for numerous changes and challenges in causes in world management practices and solutions. New work conditions, global competition, changes in work force and requirements make organizations change regularly in order to

Public Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Public Management - Essay Example But then, by virtue of its composition, its structure and operation, and the purposes it chooses for the polity or system of the government as expressed in the laws it passes, the representative assembly has a far-reaching impact on the character of the polity, and how it develops over time. (Cook 1998) Based from the definitions prominent of public management that generally talks about political strategy and political skill, it could be concluded that this orientation in public management is definitely a short-term goal. (Cook 1998) However, there is a variety of definitions concerning public management. These various ides are too narrow resulting into a weak and undeveloped literature of public management. In particular, Laurence Lynn concluded that "public management is essentially concerned with the performance of the executive function in government at the heart of public management... is a strategic judgment: a choice concerning goals and actions in specific settings that satisfies reasonable criteria" (qtd in Cook 1998) Lynn (1996), at the same time quoted Ott, Hyde, and Shafritz with their definition of public management in order to represent and differentiate the term from public administration for which public management is often confused. "Public management is a major segment of the broader field of public... A few of these techniques and competencies are: position classification systems, recruitment and selection procedures, management by influence, budget analysis and formulation, supervisory skills, long range or strategic planning, program and organizational evaluation, feedback and control mechanisms (typically through management information systems), contract management, project management, and reorganization." (qtd in Lynn 1996) Even highly developed countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom have different public management policies. The people who make up the society of both countries have played an important role in the development of the country's public management strategies. The United States' Public Management The federal government of the United States in 1980s and 1990a were found to have several similarities with the Benchmark Case such that changes were too evident in most areas of public management policy. "Institutional rules and organizational routines in the area of audit and evaluation were affected by the Government Results and Performance Act, the Chief Financial Officers Act, and the National Performance Review's service quality initiative. Change was also evident in the area of procurement, with legislative changes known as "procurement streamlining" and major changes in routines within the General Services Administration. To some degree, change was evident in the area of civil service and labour relations, with rules and routines developed to downsize the federal workforce and to reform the Office of Personnel Management (Barzelay 2001)." The change in the area of organization and methods in the American public

Db3 program capstone Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Db3 program capstone - Research Paper Example For instance, labor migration, mobility and diversity are directly related to globalization. Many researchers, including Mujtaba (2007), focus on management challenges related to diversity management at work. Since all organizations are expected to create friendly, inclusive and non-discriminatory environment where all employees have equal opportunities, it is a real challenge. According to Drucker (2007), global changes have the greatest influence on internal climate in different organizations. Local markets merge and competition moves to global arena; it is the reason why organizations need to be more flexible than ever in order to survive this harsh competition. The outcomes of globalization need to be addressed complexly. Each consequence requires a special solution depending on corporate culture and people who work in the organization. Generally, diversity management practice and innovative approach to leadership and performance evaluations help organizations to work effectively in rapidly changing environment. In summary, globalization is an umbrella term for numerous changes and challenges in causes in world management practices and solutions. New work conditions, global competition, changes in work force and requirements make organizations change regularly in order to

Town and Milton Fl. Essay Example for Free

Town and Milton Fl. Essay Physical system Human system Convince someone to move to a U. S. city of your choice, by describing the location using terms from the lesson. Be sure to include the name of the city and state you are writing about and make your response at least one paragraph in length. Part-1 1. Plymouth, England, to Plymouth, Massachusetts-3,349 miles 2. St. Louis to Ft. Clatsop near the Pacific Ocean-1,400 miles 3. Omaha to San Francisco-1,430 miles Part-2 If I had to describe the town I live in I would describe it as a little ole farm town that neighbors with a more city oriented town to the West, then two more farm towns to the North of them, and one to the East, and finally some more city oriented/beach style areas to the South. The relative location for Milton Fl. would have to be Baker Fl. they share the same type of features and style of people. Milton Fl. s a place of farm land, rivers, stream, creeks, and little restaurants in the city limits. Milton and its surrounding towns and cities share a common region of the language, characteristics, climate, and culture. Our human system is filled with all sorts of people with different characteristics and they all work in a unity to supply, fix, and protect our area. They would be trades workers like roofers, mechanics, drivers, farmers. People like our firemen and women, police, and emergency services. Part-3 I think if you are a city person then Milton is not the area for you but if you like the country with rivers in your back yard and a gator on the other bank than this is the area for you. Milton is a fun filled city but it is also filled with hard working families and animals as well. Overall Milton will be my resting place for new comers just spend some time on our river banks and farm fields and you will not want to leave.

Transaction Processing Systems

Transaction Processing Systems The main information systems used for operational support in a business are transaction processing systems. This type of system processes data about transactions, which are events that have occurred that affect the business, such as the sale or purchase of goods. A transaction processing system has 3 main purposes: keep records about the state of an organization, process transactions that affect these records, and produce outputs that report on transactions that have occurred. For example, an inventory control system tracks records about inventory, processes sales and purchases of inventory, and produces reports about the amount and value of items on hand, on order, etc. Transaction processing systems exist in all areas of an organization, and in all types of organizations. TPSs can be used by employees (order entry) or customers (bank ATMs). They can use various types of hardware, software, and networks. TPSs use stored data in both files and databases, and many types of programs. TPS structure The structure of a TPS generally consists of a user or other TPS that interacts with TPS software, and stored data used by the TPS. Users of the system are typically personnel who work with business transactions, such as salespeople. Input data comes from users and other TPS. Output includes data back to other TPSs, screens, and reports. TPS functions Like other information systems, TPSs perform four main functions: input, processing, output, and data storage. The input function accepts data for processing from outside the system. The processing output transforms the data in some way. The output function makes the processing results available outside the system. The storage function stores the data for use. Before transaction data can be brought into a TPS, it must be acquired from its source. This step is called data capture. The receiving report is an example of a source document that is used to perform data entry. Data entry means using a screen similar to the one in this figure to enter data. Once the data is entered, a program checks it for errors, a process called data validation. For example, inventory receiving data might be checked to ensure that all number entries are numeric that the item is known to the system, and that quantities are in acceptable ranges. Much output from a TPS is in the form of reports. Several types of reports are commonly produced by TPSs. A detailed report lists details about transactions, such as inventory movement. A summary report summarizes data at various levels. Exception reports indicate data that are exceptions to some condition or standard. Data in a TPS is stored to data files and databases. Two types of stored data are commonly found in TPSs: transaction and master data. Master data is the main data used by the TPS. Master data is usually permanent data that remains in the system as long as the system is in use. For example, an inventory system would have an inventory master file with one record for each item in inventory. Transaction data is data about transactions that have occurred. Transaction data usually remains with the system only until the transactions are processed. The transaction data is then replaced with other transaction data for new transactions. For example, in the inventory control system, a transaction file would contain data about inventory transactions. That data would be used to update the inventory master file. Once the update was complete, the transaction file would be cleared and a new list of transactions would be started. After the data is created, the TPS can retrieve data from the file or database, a process called accessing the data. The data is accessed to produce reports, update master files, and other purposes. Sometimes, before a TPS can access data, it must be arranged in an order that is useful to the system, a process called sorting. For example, the inventory system may produce a report of the 5 most expensive items. The item list should then be sorted in descending order of cost. The data put into a file or database when it is created will become obsolete over time. The TPS must update the data periodically to keep it current. Updating can involve adding new data, changing current data, and deleting old data. Transaction data is used to update master data. Processing involves manipulating data within the system. One function that just involves data processing and not any of the other functions is computation, such as calculating details and totals. Another processing function is decision making, or checking for conditions and acting on them. TPS Controls TPSs must have procedures to ensure the completeness of the data processing, and to minimize the chance of errors. In general, these procedures are called controls. Many types of controls are used, including control totals, audit trails, and backup and recovery procedures. All data in a TPS may not be processed for various reasons, including hardware and software failures, and human error. One way that a TPS checks that all data is processed is through control totals. A control total is a number that is computed when data enters a system, and again after the system has processed the data. For example, in the inventory control system, a number reflecting an initial count of receiving reports to be entered would be entered into the system. After the receiving reports are entered, a count of the documents entered would be produced. There are also other types of control totals. Document counts are only one type. An audit trail is a way of tracing the effect of data through a system. A good audit trail is one in which someone can start with the output and go back through the system to the source document and vice versa. For example, the inventory receiving system could produce a report of all item counts. This could be used to trace each item received back to its receiving report source document. Computer systems sometimes fail, causing a loss of corruption of data. The failure may be caused by a malfunction in the hardware or software, or because of something outside the system, such as a lightning strike. The main way of ensuring against loss of data is to use a backup procedure. This means copying important data and programs to a portable media and moving it somewhere away from the main computing site. Important files and databases are usually backed up daily or weekly. The backup of the stored data can be copied back to the system, a process known are restoring the data. If a system fails, recovery procedures tell the computer professionals how to use the backups to recover from a crash. Modes of Data Processing Data in a TPS can be processed using two basic approaches: batch and online processing. A TPS may use both online and batch processing. In batch processing, data for all transactions to be processed are prepared in form understandable to the computer before actual processing begins. Then the batch of data is processed by the computer, and the resulting output is received in a batch. An example of batch processing is overnight payroll check processing and printing. With online processing, or OLTP, a person uses a screen and keyboard or I/O device connected to the computer at the time the processing is done. Each set of data for a transaction is entered directly into the computer. The data is processed, and the output is received before the next input data is entered. Online processing may also be called interactive processing. An example of online processing is an airline reservation system. The term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“real-timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  may also be used to indicate online processing. Real-time means the processing is performed immediately after the data is entered. This description is not quite accurate for online processing. If there are many users of an online system, processing may not begin for some time after the input is received. The amount of time depends on the hardware, software, and number of users. One example of a real-time system is a manufacturing monitoring system. If cars are being manufactured and thereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s a problem with the computerized assembly line, the system alerts operators immediately.

modems :: essays research papers

Does the humble telephone lines play a major role in shaping the third millennium? Can a mere pair of thin copper wires twisted around each other transmit Internet data reliably and securely at blazing fast speed, making it possible to view high-quality moving images, sound and vast amounts of data on your personal computer screen or television? The answer is yes, as the growing success of DSL (digital subscriber line) technology abundantly demonstrates. The capacity of a communications channel depends on its bandwidth and its signal-to-noise ratio. A voice connection through a conventional phone network uses a bandwidth of about 3,000 hertz (Hz): from about 300 Hz to 3,300 Hz. An analog modem operating at 33.6 kilobits per second (kbps) requires a slightly wider bandwidth 3,200 Hz and needs a very good connection, one with a high signal-to-noise ratio. Modems operating at 56 kbps achieve their rates by taking advantage of digital connections that circumvent some sources of noise in transmissions toward the end user. But these bit rates are far from the maximum possible on a twisted pair alone. One process that limits bandwidth and signal strength is the steady attenuation of the signal as it travels down the line, with the higher frequencies being affected more severely. Greater capacity is therefore available if the lines are kept short. Originally, the Discrete Multitone approach was intended for sending entertainment video over telephone wires. Because such use relies principally on one-way transmission, most of the subchannels were devoted to the \\"downstream\\" signal, carrying about 6 Mbps, with about 0.6 Mbps available in the other direction. This asymmetric form of DSL has become known as ADSL, and the signal coding is now a worldwide standard. Although the video application has not yet borne fruit, asymmetric transmission fortuitously lends itself to browsing on the World Wide Web. Over the past year ADSL has begun to be widely installed in telephon e networks for always-on Internet access, typically operating at several hundreds of kbps or higher over phone wires up to about 5.5 kilometers in length. The beauty of ADSL, unlike the multilevel coding used in HDSL, is that the data can use channels operating above the voice frequency band, so a single phone line can simultaneously transmit voice and high-speed data. The newest standard of ADSL is G lite which is just for home users, a global standard that limits the data rates to 1.

Child Victimization Essay -- Social Issues, Child Abuse

According to Finkelhor et al (2005), the increasing rates of child victimization over the last few decades have created a global attention on child abuse. With these increasing rates, most countries all over the world have begun to address this situation. Most countries have enacted laws that classify child victimization cases as criminal offenses punishable according to the provisions of the law (Finkelhor et al, 2005). As noted by Giardino (2010), the increasing prevalence and consequences of child abuse calls for detailed researches and investigations across the world. This research paper explores the controversial topic on child victims. The paper describes the major types of child abuse, the extent of the problem, intergenerational transmission of violence, theories regarding child abuse, and the special types of child abuse. Types of Child Abuse Child abuse as described by Giardino (2010) refers to the aspect of causing or allowing the causation of any offensive contact that can be termed as harmful to the body of a child. Further, Giardino (2010) defines it as the use of offensive communication that may harm the child, shame him, or offend him. In a psychological perspective, child abuse can be termed as an act that omits several procedures in the development of the child (Giardino, 2010). The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act that has been enacted in the U.S. describes child abuse as, â€Å"at a minimum, any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker, which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation, or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm† (Giardino, 2010). Physical Child Abuse Physical child abuse is the most com... ...vent every case of child abuse, but we can be alert and informed about child abuse and learn the signs of it. As a society, people need to be aware that child abuse occurs across all economical borders. Children as we know are very active injure themselves while playing. These injures are explainable verses injuries that cannot be explained by the parent. The main goal is that teachers, doctors, ect. should be able to distinguish between normal injury and non-accidental injury. Identifying early signs of child abuse can save the child’s life. Each cases of child abuse should be investigated thoroughly by a professional who can determine if they child is being abused or not. Child abuse is a traumatic experience for the child and can have lasting effects. That’s why it is very important that the child has immediate access to counseling and other forms of therapy.

Review of Patient Safety Standards for Hospitals by Joint Commision on Healthcare Essay

The safety goals outlined for hospitals are intended to stimulate greater awareness of the elements of vulnerability or risk associated between patient and worker. Ultimately, patient safety, worker health and safe practice methods can have a positive influence on saving lives, reducing risk and controlling costs. The goals attempt to outline a uniform standard. When adopted by a health care organization, a successful culture of safety that benefits everyone has an opportunity to develop. The following are the Commission’s patient safety goals with respect to hospitals. The first goal is to improve the accuracy of patient identification. Patients are given the wrong medications, taken to the wrong surgical rooms, and specimens get contaminated or mixed up. To address this issue and achieve improved accuracy, implementation of two patient identifiers attempts to reduce these errors. First, the patient should be identified reliably by their name, telephone number or other number that is person specific. The second is to verify that the treatment matches the patient. The verification of the identifiers should be done with two individuals checking the same patient or having one person identify the patient, with a second verification assisted by the addition of a technology item, like a barcode. The second goal is to improve the effectiveness of communication among caregivers. Each clinical aspect of healthcare utilizes a different vocabulary. A patient may be seeing a psychiatrist, a physical therapist and a cardiologist at the same time. While each profession has a foundation of science that is designed help them communicate in a uniform manner, each clinical area will have specific language and understanding that may not translate from one specialty or discipline to another. Critical results of tests and diagnostics that are outside the normal range and indicate a life threatening situation must be communicated. Reports must be delivered and critical results given on a timely basis so the patient can be treated as soon as possible. Third, is the goal to improve the safety of using medication. Medications that are not labeled properly or medications that are similar in name or packaging can obviously lead to a 1 deadly consequence. Suggested ways to achieve this goal is to make sure all medications, and containers are labeled correctly. Some of the specific suggestions to achieve this safety goal are to adopt the use of oral unit-dose products, prefilled syringes, or premixed infusion bags when these products are available. The fourth goal is to reduce the risk of health care-associated infections. Many people are in fear of going to a hospital. They may feel at risk of getting a communicable disease. And while that is a possibility, few are aware that they may experience infections directly associated with the delivery of the medical service or treatment. The simplest and most obvious way to protect the patient from infection is to feverishly adhere to the Centers for Disease Control or World Health Organizations guidelines for hand washing. The late physician and scientist Ignaz Semmelweis would be astonished to see this method universally adopted. Although, with as much science that has since validated his pioneering work, he could be annoyed to see a lack of compliance, considering the volumes of evidence published which supports his early theory. Patients are acquiring hospital based infections at an alarming rate, according to an NBC news story which was based on data from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. And a brief review of the CDC report from 2011 on rates of infections clearly shows a link between number of days in the hospital and acquired infections. The longer a patient is in the setting, the more likely it is that the patient is at risk. The likelihood of risk depends on the kind of treatment the patient receives. Risk assessment tools are essential to understanding which staff, providers, or independent practitioners need to be educated to understand the types of infections and their origins as they relate to their practice area. The families and patients must likewise be educated to understand the risks, complications and microbial hazards that are inherent to the treatment or service they are receiving. Finally, goal fifteen is for the hospital to identify safety risks inherent in its patient population. This goal is a contributing factor to why Patient Safety Coordinators and certifications to become one are becoming more popular. Particularly, the goal speaks to the population that is at risk for suicide. While this goal is stated to apply only to psychiatric hospitals and patients being treated for emotional or behavioral issues, most all hospitals have at least a small population that could fit into this category. While not every hospital has a psychiatric floor, or even a psychiatrist on call, patients that appear or make a statement that they fear harming others or themselves may be detained temporarily at the discretion of the medical staff. The terms and length varies from state to state. Georgia’s law, O. C. G. A. Â § 37-3-41 allows basically for a forty-eight hour detainment period. But, that can be extended indefinitely if the treating physician deems it necessary and appropriate based on their examination.

What Is Cybercrime?

Cybercrime, or PC arranged wrongdoing, is wrongdoing that includes a PC and a network. The PC may have been utilized in the commission of a wrongdoing, or it might be the target. Cybercrimes can be characterized as: â€Å"Offenses that are perpetrated against people or gatherings of people with a criminal thought process to purposefully hurt the notoriety of the person in question or cause physical or mental damage, or misfortune, to the casualty straightforwardly or in a roundabout way, utilizing current media transmission systems, for example, Web (systems including however not restricted to Visit rooms, messages, see sheets and gatherings) and cell phones (Bluetooth/SMS/MMS)†. Cybercrime may undermine a man or a country's security and monetary health. Issues encompassing these kinds of violations have turned out to be prominent, especially those encompassing hacking, copyright encroachment, unjustifiable mass-reconnaissance, sextortion, youngster erotic entertainment, and kid grooming. There are additionally issues of protection when private data is blocked or unveiled, legitimately or something else. Debarati Halder and K. Jaishankar additionally characterize cybercrime from the point of view of sex and characterized ‘cybercrime against ladies' as â€Å"Wrongdoings focused against ladies with a rationale to deliberately hurt the casualty mentally and physically, utilizing current media transmission systems, for example, web and versatile phones†. Universally, both administrative and non-state performers participate in cybercrimes, including secret activities, budgetary burglary, and different cross-outskirt violations. Cybercrimes crossing global outskirts and including the activities of no less than one country state is now and then alluded to as cyber warfare.TYPES OF CYBERCRIMEIDENTITY THEFT OR INVANSION OF PRIVACYCybercrime influences both a virtual and a genuine body, however the impacts upon each are unique. This wonder is clearest on account of fraud. In the Assembled States, for instance, people don't have an official personality card yet a Standardized savin gs number that has since quite a while ago filled in as a true recognizable proof number.INTERNET FRAUDPlans to cheat customers flourish on the Web. Among the most well known is the Nigerian, or â€Å"419,† trick; the number is a reference to the area of Nigerian law that the trick damages. In spite of the fact that this con has been utilized with both fax and conventional mail, it has been given new life by the Web. In the plan, an individual gets an email affirming that the sender requires help in exchanging an extensive aggregate of cash out of Nigeria or another far off nation. More often than not, this cash is as a benefit that will be sold, for example, oil, or a lot of money that expects â€Å"laundering† to cover its source; the varieties are interminable, and new specifics are continually being produced. The message requests that the beneficiary take care of some expense of moving the assets out of the nation as an end-result of accepting a considerably bigger whole of cash sooner rather than later. Should the beneficiary react with a check or cash arrange, he is informed that confusions have grown; more cash is required. After some time, casualties can lose a large number of dollars that are completely unrecoverable.ATM FRAUDPCs additionally make more unremarkable sorts of misrepresentation conceivable. Take the robotized teller machine (ATM) through which numerous individuals currently get money. With a specific end goal to get to a record, a client supplies a card and individual recognizable proof number (Stick). Crooks have created intends to capture both the information on the card's attractive strip and in addition the client's Stick. Thus, the data is utilized to make counterfeit cards that are then used to pull back assets from the clueless person's record.WIRE FRAUDThe INTER NATIONAL idea of cybercrime is especially apparent with wire extortion. One of the biggest and best-sorted out wire extortion plans was coordinated by Vladimir Levin, a Russian developer with a PC programming firm in St. Petersburg.FILE SHARING PIRACYThrough the 1990s, offers of minimized circles (Albums) were the real wellspring of income for chronicle organizations. In spite of the fact that theft—that is, the unlawful duplication of copyrighted materials—had dependably been an issue, particularly in the Far East, the multiplication on school grounds of reasonable PCs equipped for catching music off Cds and sharing them over fast (â€Å"broadband†) Web associations turned into the account business' most noteworthy bad dream. In the Unified States, the account business, spoken to by the Chronicle Business Relationship of America (RIAA), assaulted a solitary document sharing administration, Napster, which from 1999 to 2001 permitted clients over the Web access to music records, put away in the information pressure organize known as MP3, on other clients' PCs by method for Napster's focal PC. As per the RIAA, Napster clients frequently abused the copyright of account specialists, and the administration needed to stop. For clients, the issues were not all that obvious. At the centre of the Napster case was the issue of reasonable utilize. People who had bought a Compact disc were obviously permitted to tune in to the music, regardless of whether in their home stereo, vehicle sound framework, or PC. What they didn't have the privilege to do, contended the RIAA, was to make the Cd accessible to a huge number of other people who could make an ideal computerized duplicate of the music and make their own Compact discs.COUNTERFEITING AND FORGERYRecord sharing of licensed innovation is just a single part of the issue with duplicates. Another more unremarkable angle lies in the capacity of computerized gadgets to render about ideal duplicates of material ancient rarities. Take the conventional wrongdoing of forging. As of not long ago, making acceptable cash required a lot of abil ity and access to advancements that people more often than not don't claim, for example, printing squeezes, etching plates, and uncommon inks. The coming of cheap, top notch shading copiers and printers has conveyed forging to the majority. Ink-stream printers currently represent a developing level of the fake money seized by the U.S. Mystery Administration.