National economic policy

On the issue of the global war on terror there are various effects which come along with the paying for the long-term war on terror. The huge amounts spent on this kind of war are spent through the government, through the private and other indirect means in the economy and these costs will need to be paid in the years to come.The policy or programs recommended addressing the likely effects of paying for the war on terrorWorld trade organization The world trade organization as an international organization promotes liberalization by encouraging all the nations to lower their existing trade barriers. In addressing the issue of the global war on terror the world trade organization has a mechanism by which it settles and also resolves various disputes without the result of any costly trade wars. Since the United States is a member of the world trade organization the country’s markets have been liberalized (William D. Orpheus 2002)Social securityThe social security program is highl y recommended in addressing the likely effects of war on terror. This ensures that the country has provided its citizens with the security that is needed against the attacks from the country’s enemies. Through the social security program the American citizens are given internal as well as the external security and they are also made to feel very safe in their own country.This is achieved by the continual; manning of the country’s entry points such as the airports and the sea. Ports. On the other hand there is lot of surveillance in the country and this prevents any possible attacks from the terrorists. The social security fund similarly ensures that the social welfare of the country’s citizen is well catered for and the citizens are well aware of their social security in terms of their social welfare. (U.S. Department of Justice 2002)Medicare and Medicaid spendingThe Medicare and also the medic aid spending are also recommended in addressing the likely effects o f paying for the long term war on terror. This provides the soldiers and also those who are involved in the war on terrorism a cover on their medical spending.The long-term financial strategy and the unique fiscal challenges of paying for the long term war on terrorThe American national security highly depends on the country’s financial security. There has been a revolutionary war debt in America and this and this has been a very huge threat to the nation’s creditworthiness and also its very existence. There has been an establishment of various financial principles in order to further secure the country. The country has been borrowing a lot so that it can pay for the war in Iraq as well as the short sighted tax cuts in the face of the long term war on terror which has been running against the American tradition thus placing the country into a security peril. (Daniel McGinnis with Suzanne Smalley 2003)This has led the American government to further realign its economic policies on the country’s taxes, the social security, Medicare, and also the country’s oil dependency so as to safeguard the American liberty as well as its future. The need to pay for the war on terror in America has driven the country to a financial innovation the American common duties for instance have often fallen off with the existing hostilities and this has further led to the increased reliance on the consumption and also the excise taxes.This has highly cut the civilians demand and freeing up the war resources but it has been very burdensome on the poor Americans. On the other hand the taxes on the businesses in America and also the wealthy people are very popular however they do not this do not reduce the consumption in the country and they also discourage an energetic investment in the country’s war industries. If it is broad based the financial debt can cement the support on the war but if it is not then it could lead to a class of creditors who have excessive political power.The shortsighted fiscal policyThe forging of the American fiscal policy has not been very simple since most of the American president’s have been frequently facing the congressional resistance to the country’s massive tax and its borrowing requests on several occasions. It has been found that the fiscal policy can not be only about the raising of very huge sums of money even though this is very important for the country as it addresses the issue of war on terror. But the fiscal policy could also be about finding several ways in resolving the country’s internal differences so as to unite the country behind the war effort as well as maximizing the productive output in the country’s economy.The American fiscal policy is short sighted since it is viewed by large portions of the country’s populations as unfair since the methods employed by the political leaders for securing funds for the war are also not fair. This will howeve r make the efforts for the support for the war to greatly suffer. On the other hand the methods used to raise money for the war on terror have weakened the country’s economy and also the country’s foundation of the military power.America has been faced with a major challenge of financing the war on terrorism since the long war has been fought is being fought in parallel with the ground wars which are prolonged in Iraq and also Afghanistan. The fiscal policy will limit and also prevent the government’s ability to pay for the threats of the catastrophic attacks from the country’s unknown enemies. This is because the policy has led to the elimination, postponement or even the reduction of funding for the low priority domestic projects so that there can be room for the high priority military spending in the budget.How to successfully prosecute the global war on terror while at the same time meeting the growing cost of retirement and the healthcare benefitsThe American leaders can successfully prosecute the global war on terror while at the same time meet the growing cost of the population’s retirements and the healthcare benefits of all the Americans. This could be achieved by finding ways which meet the crucial security needs while at the same time addressing the country’s healthcare costs of the aging population and the escalating retirement benefits.The country’s administration should adapt a long-term fiscal strategy which will allow for such needs to be met. The country’s budget on the other hand should encompass and also as set aside some amounts of money which will cater for the social security demands, together with the healthcare benefits and the growing costs of retirement for the aging population in America. Similarly the strategy should include more thorough prioritization on the allocation of the country’s resources.This will allow the curbing of the non essential spending in the country. On the other hand there should be a tax policy which will help in the avoidance of the country’s chronic deficits. Similarly the American government should adapt fiscal policies and strategies which will match the payouts in the prerogative programs at a closer look to the money which is flowing into the country. (Robert D. Hormat. 2007)The country should also reduce its dependence on the on the foreign capitals as this aggravate s the financial threat which is facing America as a nation. So that there could be a successful prosecution on both the war on terrorism and at the same time meeting the growing cost of retirement and the healthcare benefits the fiscal policy should be consistent and not in any way undermine the American national security.Reference:William D. Orpheus (2002): Iraq, The Economic Consequences of the War.   New YorkReview of Books, December 5,U.S. Department of Justice. (2002):   Explanation of the Process for Computing Presumed Economic Loss. Retrie ved fromAccessed on 12th December 2007Daniel McGinnis with Suzanne Smalley (2003): Now Families Face the Cost of War.Newsweek, April 21, 2003, p. 11..Robert D. Hormat. (2007): The Price of Liberty: Paying for Americas Wars. Published by Henry and Holt Company

Stuck in Neutral

Rough Draft of Stuck in Neutral Terry Trueman’s Stuck in Neutral is about a boy who has Cerebral Palsy and yet loves his life. Shawn McDaniels has a lot of problems but he remains optimistic. His CP has left him totally disabled; he is unable to walk, talk, eat, or communicate. Although Shawn acknowledges that there is â€Å"Bad News† about his existence, he focuses on the positives in his life. Shawn loves his family deeply and appreciates people. Shawn finds the sensory world of hearing, smell, taste, and inner life, which is filled with his memories and great journeys of his seizures. Shawn is a very loving person. Everyone can see this by how Shawn loves his family and appreciates people. You can see this throughout the book, like Cindy teaching Shawn how to read. Because of Cindy, Shawn now knows how to read, and he now obscene more in the world around him. He loves his father because of what he has done for Shawn. He had Shawn go on a fair ride with him because he felt bad for him, Shawn also appreciates the poem that was made for Shawn and is now a famous poem (pg. 29), and lastly, Shawn has trust in his father because they have double-jointed thumbs and every time he sees Shawn, he would always first pull back his fingers. The reason Shawn’s dad does this is because they have something in common and Shawn loves this special connection (pg. 52). But lastly Paul. Paul because he stood up for Shawn when he was getting attacked by the hoodlums. Shawn says, â€Å"I’ve never seen Paul like this before, he looks like a monster† (pg. 94). These are the reasons why he loves his family the most. Shawn finds the sensory world of hearing, smelling, taste, and touching interesting. Shawn has a very distinct personality. Shawn loves the site of the paintings that he has seen, the feel of the sponge and water on his back when he is taking a bath, the sound a 1966 Ford Mustang and the taste of smoked oysters and chocolate pudding (pg. 84). He has always loved when his father’s arm was around him in the park because he has feared that he may kill him, he feels safe and comfortable in his arms (pg. 98). He also remembers when he was at the science convention that he can remember all the sounds of the music that was playing there. He heard all the songs and could remember them all from the songs, melodies, and symphonies. He has and will always remember the things that he has loved. The personality that sets Shawn apart from everyone else is his inner personality. Shawn loves his inner life of memory and seizures. This is what sets him apart from everyone else. This is because he thinks seizures are miracles. Because it is the only thing that lets him free (pg. 31-32). The joys of his seizures is when he feels like he is free, soaring over Seattle and when he sees the different colors. He feels like that is his only time that he feels normal. He feels normal because he can move like a normal person and feel like a normal person. He would sell his family and his friends just to keep his seizures. He would do anything just to keep his seizures. â€Å"I would even give up my family and friends just to keep my seizures†, Shawn. In the book, Shawn faces a lot of obstacles in his life. But then he had some good times, like his love for his family, his sensory world of hearing, smell, taste, and touch, and his love for his inner life of memory and seizures. He doesn’t care that he has CP, he just want to live his life to the fullest. Everyone can learn from this because now we can say that we are lucky to have a normal life and we can be grateful to not have problems with our body

Assess at least four different sources of data that could be used in a Research Paper

Assess at least four different sources of data that could be used in a digital forensic investigation - Research Paper Example In addition, discussion will also be helpful for network administrators in understanding different aspects of computer forensics, which will help them in ensuring greater security of their organizations strategically. Before assessing the topic, it is very essential to understand the definition of digital forensics that has been under the process of acquiring recognition due to dearth of research in the area and due to lack of awareness about importance of digital forensics in today’s competitive world. Briefly, forensics is the process in which experts utilize scientific means and skills to collect and analyze evidence that then can be submitted in the court for legal purpose (Kent, Chevaller, Grance, & Dang, 2006). In this regard, digital forensics is a newly-born discipline that is gradually acquiring its importance as a formal area of study that deals with scientific knowledge in collection of evidence from different sources of data related to computers that involve deskto ps, laptops, routers, CCTV, network hubs, logs, software, time packages, emails, etc (ENFSI, 2003). It is very imperative to understand that since digital forensics is a new area of study that is still under the process of standardization, therefore, discussion in this paper related to different sources of data might not be the final word. Thus, it will take further study and investigation to reach to a conclusion in terms of prioritizing these sources in terms of their utilization in different events/incidents. In addition, from a technical perspective, it is also essential to understand that besides assessing different sources of data, it is equally important to ensure fulfillment of primary goal of digital forensics that is about preservation of the identified data source. It has been an observation that investigators usually are able to identify important data sources; however, they overlook preservation of the sources that results in unacceptable of evidence in the court. SOURC ES OF DATA As mentioned earlier, digital forensic investigation has been divided into different stages of preservation, collection, examination, and analysis (ENFSI, 2003). Collection stage is relevant in this paper as it involves identification and collection of information pertinent to the case under investigation. In case of usual forensics, everything is a source since investigators are able to gather information from people and acquire fingerprints from clothes, furniture, floors, etc. However, when it comes to digital forensics, information is usually available in computers of computerized equipments, such as phone logs, web traffic, packet sniffers, network records, etc (ENFSI, 2003), and therefore, it is usually not possible to take away the whole equipment, and investigators have to collect the information while ensuring complete preservation. In digital forensics, besides four stages, one can categorize the stage of collection in two parts. Firstly, investigators collect b ackground evidence that refers to the data that is usually available and stored for usual organizational purposes (Sheldon, 2002). On the other hand, investigators also come across

Human Geography Thinking Geographically About Global Processes RED Essay

Human Geography Thinking Geographically About Global Processes RED WINE - Essay Example There are different varieties of red wine based on the place of origin and the pattern of consumption of it in different places requires the understanding of the influence by the geographical aspects. The question that needs to be answered with regard to red wine is "What is the significance of the consumption pattern of different varieties red wine all over the world " The different geographical concepts like scale, globalization, landscape, etc can be applied on this topic to get a clear picture of the consumption pattern. Red Wine is said to symbolize class, culture, maturity and refinement. It has a special significance that the different varieties of red wine are related to the place of origin although they don't exactly have the name of the city or town. It is a fact that there is no uniformity in the consumption of red wine. Researching the above question helps to find out the extent of globalization of a given variety of red wine. It also shows the trade relations between countries and how information flows between people during transport of these products. Cultural influences by countries also occur during communication and commuting. The importance with red wine lies in today's world the fact that the consumption level is growing worldwide due to its health benefits and this earns high revenues for the Government through trade (Euro Monitor, 2007). The red wine production and sale in different countries creates interaction in spatial context among people. Production of wine starts from the plantation of vine yards containing grapes. The grapes are cultivated with the variety required being selected and then grown in the particular season. The grapes hence produced are moved to the place where they are fermented for a period of time. From here, the wine is moved for further processing to lessen the acidity content and increase the taste. Finally the bottling and packaging of red wine in different forms is done and is ready for sale. The product is transported to different places by people of different places and culture thereby promoting a flow of information between them Scale of activity: The consumption of red wine is not dependent locally and is based on the availability of farm products, the presence of good season, availability of labor required in fermenting, packaging and transport of products. Space, place and landscape: The more the revenue earned through production and sales of red wine, the more will be the change in demography and landscape of the place of production. Increase in housing and more vine yards will be formed as a result. Terroir refers to the combination of natural factors associated with any particular vineyard. These factors include such things as soil, underlying rock, altitude, slope of hill or terrain, orientation toward the sun, and microclimate (typical rain, winds, humidity, temperature variations, etc.). Also, no two vineyards have the exact same terroir. Vineyards are often on hillsides and on soil of marginal value to other plants. A common saying is that "the worse the soil, the better the wine." Planting on hillsides, especially those facing south, is most often in an attempt to maximize the amount of

Chinese History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chinese History - Essay Example Chinese semi-colonialism was viewed as both a historical moment mainly specified in relation to European and more generally international capitalist political, economic, and cultural projects in the modern era and as a trope for domination, violation, and resistance. Dominance in semi-colonial China was doubly articulated. It stood, on the one hand, for imperialism’s power to limit the sovereignty of the Chinese state and, thereby, advance its own interests. On the other hand, it stood for the power exercised by the indigenous elite over the productive classes. Violation was inherent in both of these forms of dominance since they came to be articulated along similar ideological lines in early twentieth century. Another cause for violation was caused by lack of hegemony. The lack of hegemony is the most understandable and obvious in the case of imperialism, since its formal power was limited and partial. Indeed, the Chinese semicolonialism was treated as a political and concept which denoted a constellation of interventions, institutions, practices, and policies through which foreign imperialists had to establish beneficial positions and semiautonomous operations. They had no interest of ruling but to explore the country economically. The established positions ranged from aggression and equal treaties to spheres of influence and semicolonial agencies like the customs bureau. The result was something more than a mere advantageous position, especially in certain sectors of the economy. By the end of 1920, foreigners had taken control of 99 percent if Chinese iron ore, 76 percent of the coal, 92 percent of the railways, and 73 percent of the steam tonnage on the Yangzi. Despite the disintegrating effects of semicolonialism, it led to the rise of several objective conditions and created more room for developing its capitalist production. The destruction of the Chinese natural economy gave rise to commodity market for

English law allows parties the utmost freedom to agree their own legal Essay

English law allows parties the utmost freedom to agree their own legal relations and liabilities without limitation and interrup - Essay Example This means that a salient factor that distinguishes contractual obligations from other forms of legal obligations is that contracts are premised upon agreements. Likewise, this is important since people can agree to exchange any goods and / or services, provided they are legit. Similarly, if the basic requirements of a contract have been met, then English law may not step in to curtail parties the utmost freedom to agree on their own legal relations and liabilities. Some of these essential requirements include the presence of offer and acceptance, consideration which supports the agreement, and an intention to create legal relations. The exception to this is when the modalities such as the Sales of Goods Act 1979, the Exclusion Clause and UCTA and implied terms therein as laid down to govern contracts have been violated. An exception that curtails the utmost freedom for parties to agree on their legal liabilities and relations without restrictions is the Exclusion Clause. This is bec ause the Exclusion Clause restricts or excludes the liability of one of the parties. Normally, it is the seller whose liability is restricted. However, it is important to note that the Exclusion Clause is not accorded blanket application so that wicked sellers can breach their initially agreed upon contractual obligations. On the contrary, the Exclusion Clause is applied in light of the contra proferentum rule. This can be seen in the case Wallis, Son & Wells v Pratt and Haynes. In this case, a seed sale contract clause argued that sellers did not give any implied or expressed warranties concerning the description of the seeds. The seeds were not found to match the description they had been previously given. In this effect, it was held that the clause was only applicable to the warranty and that the description being referred to was part of the conditions that made the contract. Particularly, the House of Lords ruled that there was no instance in which sellers are not to fulfill the ir warranty, whether this warranty is implied or direct. This is to the effect that any clause which does not explicitly detail conditions will normally not exclude liability for breach of conditions (House of Lords, 2012, p. 1). The crux of the matter above is that the circumstances which may compel the seller in the contract to apply to be absolved from the responsibilities or liabilities spelt out in the contract must have been caused by unforeseen circumstances (D. Ashcroft and J. Ashcroft, 2010, p. 66). Conversely, in this instance where unforeseen circumstances bedevil the business or the seller, the liability limitation may come into succour businesses which cannot afford to shoulder the burden on consequential and unforeseen losses that may threaten to subject a business to insolvency. Siems (2003, p. 35) explains further that the situation above was exemplified by the case British Fermentation Products Ltd v Compair Reavell Ltd [1999]. In this case, the British Fermentation Products Limited was the purchaser of a compressor of air supply under proper pressure to aerate and mix well, which was to help produce yeast. The supplier would be Compair Reavell Limited. The compressors failed to work well several times even after several replacements were delivered. Even though the amount of damages surpassed ? 1 million, Judge Bowsher Q.C.

Research Paper on the Key Components of a Successful Blog & the

On the Key Components of a Successful Blog & the â‚ ¬Ã…“Promotionâ‚ ¬Ã¯ ¿ ½ of a blog once it is developed - Research Paper Example However, as Sexton (336) suggests, the graphic design should not be a cause for the visitors’ distraction; and there should be something new with the blog regularly so that it would retain visitors. The voice of the blog also is an important factor because only a blog with authentic voice can retain the visitors for future sales (Webber and Webber L: 20). It means, if the blog does not have a personal feel, it will not succeed in building social networks. Furthermore, it is advisable to attach RSS feeds (Rich Site Summary) to the blog so that the visitors can know whenever a new post is published; and also the RSS feeds allow the blogger to post content from any website with RSS feed (Michie: 268). Another essential feature the blog should have is the guiding links to other sources and older posts of the same blog. The networking and the community building is the core component of a successful blog because it will open up new opportunities and relationships which will enable cross-promotion through guest blogging (Gunelius: 471). Guest blogging is an effective alternative to ease the tension on the paucity of ideas for further posts. Moreover, it would make the blog more attractive and effective as it maintains diverse posts from guest bloggers. As mentioned earlier, in order to maintain a blog reader friendly, it should be updated frequently with new posts and necessary ingredients. It is always better to avoid ghost writers for creating new posts for your blog; and in the same way if the blog allows user’s comments there should be provision to prune the unfavorable comments and spam messages (Webber and Webber L: 20). The success of a blog depends on the time and effort spent on its maintenance and promotion. It is not easy for a blog to obtain visitors since there are hundreds of sites and blogs which use the virtual space for

Corporations and How They Have Changed From the Beginning of the Research Paper

Corporations and How They Have Changed From the Beginning of the Twentieth Century Until Now - Research Paper Example Lastly, the paper will explore when people should demand the government aid to rebuke or persuade activities of corporations. Introduction The American economy underwent significant maturity during the twentieth century. The changes in the economy were accompanied with the emergence of numerous corporations. Technocrats emerged and replaced business barons; high salaried managers became the executives in these corporations. As a result of the rising number of corporations, organized labor movement emerged. Moreover, the technological developments witnessed during the 1980s and 1990s brought with it a new culture of entrepreneurship that gave rise to tycoons (Drehle 48). With globalization, corporations had the opportunity to expand their operations to international borders. As such, companies opened foreign branches that helped to increase profitability and gain a large customer base. Discussion Through subsidies, special taxes, and special protocols, the federal government significa ntly contributes to the protection of corporations. Tax subsidies emanate from selective tax legislation aimed at benefiting some industries in the economy. The industries that reap maximum benefits from tax subsidies include corporations. Subsidies enhance the corporations to increase their returns in the market where they operate. Tax subsidies may be applied in a number of variables in a Corporation. For example, the federal government can decide to offer subsidies in terms of labor or land (Drehle 50). Special taxes and subsidies may take the form of general investment tax credits that may be made available to corporations. For example, the federal government can decide to favor productive methods that are capital-based. In its view, the federal government argues that tax subsidies play an essential role in promoting economic growth and economic stability. The federal government should make concerted efforts to develop, promote, and foster international and domestic trade by off ering subsidies to corporations (Drehle 51). As a result, trade barriers will be removed and this promotes free trade in the American economy. The reduction of trade restrictions benefits the entire economy since some trade rules hinder economic development. Tax reductions and offering of subsidies to corporations can be justified; therefore, the federal government has an obligation to subsidize corporations. Subsidies and reduction in taxes mean that the corporations will have an opportunity to manufacture goods in large quantities. Therefore, corporations will sell goods to consumers at reduced prices. As such, consumer exploitation by middlemen and businesses will be minimized. Thus, it can be concluded that distinct taxes on corporations serves to protect consumers from buying goods at extremely high prices (Drehle 51). Through the use of subsidies and tax reduction, the government guards the corporations against quiting the industries in which they operate. Some economic activi ties would not take place in the absence of subsidies and special taxes. Therefore, subsidies protect the business and normally lead to low imports and high exports (Drehle 52). The benefits of subsidies on businesses extend to employees working in these corporations. As a result of subsidies, corporations can pay their employees high wages. Consequently, the government will get high revenue from taxation of individual income. The federal gove

Analysis of the 2nd Chapter of The Aesthetics of the Natural Essay

Analysis of the 2nd Chapter of The Aesthetics of the Natural Environments - Essay Example During the past ages the nature of the environment was quite comforting as it portrayed a particular unique beauty. According to the information from this chapter, the appreciation of the authentic environment is much different from the past centuries, and the nature of the environment is being transformed and replaced by art. Authentically it is said that the structures being constructed on the natural environment were initially meant to be helpful to the human beings and they were supposed to be constructed without much interference of the natural structure of the location of the constructions (Carson & Berleant, 2007). The chapter also explains how in countries such as the United States of America, so many constructions have been erected by the architectures and the building are no longer serving their purpose because it has reached an extent where people are now very uncomfortable living in those particular structures. The chapter also explains that some of the constructions bein g put up in the present century are being exaggerated in such a way that a person may fail to tell from far whether the building is a church, a mall or a house. It is explained in the chapter that today's buildings are constructed in a way that portrays a different picture of what the building is meant to represent. According to the author of this book, constructions should be designed to match its purpose and that the design features should be able to go together with its use. There are several considerations that should be looked into also before the constructions and these include the space, the lighting, the sounding system, and the construction surfaces among other thing (Carson & Berleant, 2007). This chapter also explains how the environment is closely related to human beings, and wants to make the reader understand that the environment is very compatible with the human being. It goes on to explain the relationship between the environment’s nature and the human beings. That the environment has many positive impacts on human life and the way it can have negative impacts too depending on how they associate with each other. The environment has everything to do with human beings and, therefore, whatever is constructed in it will always be because of them. For that reason, then it is explained in the chapter how constructions should be put up after investigations have been made which ensure how comfortable the environment is. Therefore, the environment is constructed by architectures according to their desired designs to attract and please the eyes of the users and at the same time the environment where the construction is taking place should be checked carefully and considerations made to ensure the comfort of the users. The chapters are all about the constructions being put up in the natural environment and how they should be done selectively. That the surroundings of the people living within it or inside the constructions must be conducive (Carson & Berleant, 2007). However, the constructions being built anywhere should also be made in such ways that they do not interfere harshly with the environment. This is because the people who are to occupy the buildings will still need those natural resources within the environment. Constructions easily pollute and destroy the

Percy Jackson and the Olympians Essay Example for Free

Percy Jackson and the Olympians Essay I have chosen to build a temple for Poseidon in the city-state of Athens. The reason this temple is in Athens is because according to the Greek myth on the website Mr. Donn, the contest of Poseidon and Athena, the two gods compete to prove they are worthy of guarding that city-state. Athena gets the honor to guard that city-state because Poseidon thinks her gift is much better than his, but still is unhappy. To show his unhappiness, he flooded Athens. So, to show thanks to allowing her to be their guardian, I made this temple in honor of Poseidon. Additionally, Poseidon likes receiving temples and gifts from the city-states, especially the coastal city-states, like Athens, since those are closer to his true royal underwater palace. In this temple made especially for Poseidon, I have included some features that would be found in his royal underwater palace. This includes the decorative columns, fountains, and shells to add decoration to his palace above water. In the model of the temple and the drawing, I focused on only one room, the most important room to Poseidon. In this room, there is Poseidons throne, his Tridents holder and a royal fountain with sparkling blue water. He has a view of the city-state of Athens, and of the Aegean Sea. Poseidon will truly be pleased by this temple for many reasons. First of all, he will be pleased because the temple is on a peninsula where he can gaze out to the Aegean Sea. At the same time, he will still be close enough to Mount Olympus so he can travel faster when needed at a meeting of the council of gods. Also, Poseidon will be able to have a private place where he can map out what city-states he still has to take guard over. This would be important to him because he wants to be the guard of the most city-states to prove hes the mightiest.

The Alma Ata Declaration

The Alma Ata Declaration The Alma Ata Declaration was formally adopted at the International Conference on Primary Health Care in Alma Ata (in present Kazakhstan) in September 1978 (WHO, 1978). It identifies and stresses the need for an immediate action by all governments, all health and development workers and the world community to promote and protect world health through Primary Health Care (PHC) (ibid). This has been identified by the Declaration as the key towards achieving a level of health that will allow for a socially and productive life by the year 2000. The principles of this declaration have been built on three (3) key aspects which include: Equity It acknowledges the fact that every individual has the right to health and the realisation of this requires action across the health sector as well as other social and economic sectors. Participation It also identifies and recognises the need for full participation of communities in the planning, organisation, implementation, operation and control of primary health care with the use of local or national available resource. Partnership It strongly supports the idea of Partnership and collaboration between government, World Health Organisation (WHO) and UNICEF, other international organisations, multilateral and bilateral agencies, non-governmental organisations, funding agencies, all health workers and the world community towards supporting the commitment to primary health care as well as increasing financial and technical support especially in developing countries. Other important principles identified by the Declaration include: health promotion and the appropriate use of resources. The declaration calls on all governments to formulate strategies, policies and actions to launch and sustain primary health care and incorporate it into the national health system. It was endorsed by the World Health Assembly in 1978 hence enshrining it into the policy of the WHO (Horder, 1983). Background Back in the 1960s and 1970s, many developing countries of the world gained independence from their colonial leaders. In efforts to provide good quality healthcare service for the population, these new governments established teaching hospitals, medical and nursing schools most of which were located in urban areas (Hall Taylor, 2003) thus creating a problem of access to good quality health service especially for people that reside in rural communities. Successful programmes were initiated by Tanzania, Sudan, Venezuela and China in the 1960s and 1970s to provide primary care health services that was basic as well as comprehensive (Benyoussef Christian, 1977; Bennett, 1979). It is on the basis of these programmes that the term Primary Health Care was derived (Hall Taylor, 2003). In low income countries, the primary health care strategy as described by the Alma Ata was very influential in setting health policy during the 1980s however in high income countries such as the United Kingdom, it was considered irrelevant on the presumption that the level of primary care service was already well developed (Green et al., 2007). Primary health care has been defined in the Declaration of Alma Ata as; essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self reliance and self-determination. It forms an integral part both of the countrys health system, of which it is the central function and main focus, and of the overall social and economic development of the community. It is the first level of contact of individuals, the family and community with the national health system bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work, and constitutes the first element of a continuing health care process. (WHO, 1978) The Alma Ata Declaration brought about a shift on emphasis towards preventive health, training of multipurpose paramedical workers and community based workers (Muldoon et al., 2006). In order to achieve the global target of health for all by the year 2000, goals were being set by the WHO (WHO, 1981) some of which include: At least 5% of gross national product is spent on health. A reasonable percentage of the national health expenditure is devoted to local health care. Equitably distribution of resources At least 90% of new-borne infants have a birth weight of at least 2500g. The infant mortality rate for all identifiable subgroups is below 50 per 1000 live-births. Life expectancy at birth is over 60 years. Adult literacy rate for both men and women exceeds 70%. Trained personnel for attending pregnancy and child birth and caring for children for at least 1 year of age. It has been over 30 years now that the Declaration of Alma Ata was adopted by the WHO. A look at the current health trend around the world especially in developing countries such Nigeria, Ghana, Niger, Zimbabwe and so many others will reveal that the goal of achieving health for all by the year 2000 through primary health care has not been a reality. Although there have been reasonable improvement in immunisation, sanitation and access to safe water, there is still impediments in providing equitable access to essential care worldwide (WHO, 2010) What went wrong? Lawn et al. (2008) explain that the Cold War significantly impeded the desired impact expectation of the Alma Ata Declaration in the sense that global developmental policy at that time was dominated by neo-liberal macro economical and social policies. The effect of this on poorer countries of the world particularly in Africa was implementation of structural adjustment programmes in effort to reduce budget deficit through devaluations in local currency and cuts in public spending. This resulted in the removal of subsidies, cost recovery in the health sector and cut backs in the number of medical health practitioners that could be hired. The introduction of user charges and encouragement of privatisation of services during this period had an untoward effect on poor people who could not afford to pay for such services. The combination of these factors hence resulted in part to the crippling of the quality of service that can be provided at the primary care level. People who could afford such service resorted to health service offered at secondary or tertiary care which in most cases is difficult to access. The introduction of a new concept of Selective Primary Health Care as proposed within a year of the adoption of the Alma Ata Declaration by Walsh Warren (1979) changed the dimension of primary health care. This interim approach was proposed due to the difficulty experienced in initiating comprehensive primary health care services in countries with authoritarian leadership (Waterston, 2008). Walsh Warren (1979) argued that until comprehensive primary health care can be made available to all, services that are targeted to the most important diseases may be the most effective intervention for improving health of a population. The measures suggested include; immunisation, oral rehydration, breast feeding and the use of anti malarias. This selective approach was considered as being more feasible, measurable, rapid and less risky, taking away decision making and control away from the community and placing it upon consultants with technical expertise hence making it more attractive partic ularly to funding agencies (Lawn et al., 2008). An example of a selective primary care approach is the Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI). Selective primary health care is concerned with providing solutions to particular diseases such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis while comprehensive primary care as proposed the Alma Ata begins with providing a strong community infrastructure and involvement towards tackling health issues (Baum, 2007). The shift in maternal, new-borne and child health as a result of programmes that removes control from the community hinders the actualisation of the goals of primary health care as emphasized by the Alma Ata Declaration. The reversal of policy in the 1990s by the WHO and other UN agencies to discourage traditional birth attendants and promoting facility based birth with skilled personnel (Koblinsky et al., 2006) is an example of such. The World Banks report Investing in Health which was published in 1993 saw the World Bank become a great influence and major key player in international public health as such robbing the WHO of the prestigious position (Baum, 2007). It considers investments for interventions that only have the best impact on population health as such removing local control and advocating a vertical approach to health. This move counteracts the process of the social change described by the Alma Ata Declaration which is necessary for realisation of its goals. These go to show that consistency both in leadership (locally and globally), policy as well as good evidence (to drive policy making and actions), are important ingredients for global initiatives to succeed. What went right? Even with the several elements that prevailed against the achievement of the collective goals of the Alma Ata Declaration, several case studies show that when provided with a favourable environment, primary health care as prescribed by the Alma Ata is sufficient to bring about a significant improvement in the health status of any population or country. Case study 1: Primary Health Care in Gambia Using data obtained from a longitudinal study conducted by the United Kingdom Medical Research Council over a 15 year period for a population of about 17,000 people in 40 villages in Gambia, Hill et al. (2000) compared infant and child mortality between village with and without primary health care. The extra services that were provided in the villages with primary health care include: a village health worker, a paid community nurse for every 5 villages and a trained traditional birth attendant. Maternal and child health services with vaccination programme were accessible to residents of both primary health care and non primary health care villages. There was marked improvement in infant and under 5 mortality in both sets of villages. After primary health care system was established in 1983, infant mortality dropped from 134/1000 in 1982 83 to 69/1000 in 1992 94 in the primary health care villages and from 155/1000 to 91/1000 in non primary health care villages over the same period of time. Between 1982 and 83 and 1992-94, the death rates for children aged 1-4 fell from 42/1000 to 28/1000 in the primary health care villages and from 45/1000 to 38/1000 in the non primary health care villages. However, in 1994 when supervision of primary health care was weakened, infant mortality rate in primary health care villages rose to 89/1000 for primary health care village in 1994 96. The rate in non primary health care village fell to 78/1000 for this period. The implementation and supervision of primary health care is associated with a significant effect on infant mortality rates for these groups of villages that benefitted from the programme. Case study 2: Under 5 mortality and income of 30 countries To assess the progress for primary health care in countries since Alma Ata, Rohde et al. (2008) analysed life expectancy relative to national income and HIV prevalence in order to identify over achieving or under achieving countries. The study focused on 30 low income and middle income countries with the highest year reduction of mortality among children less than 5 years of age and it described coverage and equity of primary health care as well as other non health sector actions. The 30 countries in question have scaled up selective primary care (immunisation, family planning) and 14 of these countries have progressed to comprehensive primary care which has been marked with high coverage of skilled birth attendants. Equity with skilled birth attendance coverage across income groups was accessed as well as access to clean water and gender inequality in literacy. These 30 countries were grouped into countries with selective primary care; mixture of selective and comprehensive primary health care; and comprehensive primary health care alone. The major players among countries with comprehensive primary health care are Thailand, Brazil, Cuba, China and Vietnam. Overall, Thailand tops the list and it has comprehensive primary health care. Maternal, new-borne and child health in Thailand were prioritised even before Alma Ata and has been able to increase coverage for immunisation and family planning interventions. The Government investment in district health systems provided a foundation for comprehensive primary health care in maternal, new-borne and child health as well as other essential services. Community health volunteers also played a significant role towards Thailands medical advancement. They promoted the use of water sealed latrines to improve sanitation and were very instrumental towards the decline of protein calorie malnutrition in pr e-school children in the past 20 years (WHO, 2010). Participation of the community health volunteers is a major source of community involvement into health care of Thailand (ibid). The following factors were identified as important lessons from high achieving countries: accountable leadership and consistent national policy progress with time; building coverage of care and comprehensive health systems with time; community and family empowerment; district level focus which is supported by data to set priorities for funding, track results as well as identify and redress disparities; and prioritising equity, removing financial barriers for poorest families and protection against unavoidable health cost. Case study 3: Integration of cognitive behaviour based therapy into routine primary health care work in rural Pakistan Rahman et al. (2008) in a cluster-randomised control study in Pakistan shows the benefits derived when cognitive behaviour therapy in postnatal depression is integrated with community based primary health care. Training was provided to the primary health care workers in the intervention group to deliver psychological intervention. The health care workers also receive monthly supervision and monitoring. Significant benefit (lower depression and disability scores, overall functioning and perception of social support) was reported in the intervention group to suggest that this kind of measures as supported by the Alma Ata can drive the initiative towards Health for all. It is evident and clear that countries that practiced comprehensive primary health care as enshrined by the Alma Ata reaped great benefits in terms of population health improvement. Although it has been argued that comprehensive primary health care is too idealistic, expensive and unattainable (Hall Taylor, 2003), evidence suggest that it is more likely to deliver better health outcomes with greater public satisfaction (Macinko et al., 2003). This kind of care can deal with up to 90% of health demands in low income countries (World Bank, 1994). Relevance of Alma Ata in this present time Our present world that has been characterised by marked epidemiological transition in health. Low income countries as well as high income ones are faced with increasing prevalence of non communicable as well as chronic disabling disease (Gillam, 2008) hence, the existence of infectious diseases (malaria, HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis etc), and diseases like cardiovascular disease and diabetes. For low income countries such as sub-Sahara African Countries, this constitutes a major health problem because their health systems are mainly oriented towards providing services inclined with maternal and child health, acute or episodic illnesses. As such current health systems need to have the capacity to provide effective management for the current disease trend. The Alma Ata provides a foundation for how such effective health service can be provided. Because, primary health care is the first line of contact an individual has to health care, it is thus very influential in determining community heal th especially when the community is fully empowered to participate. As societies modernise, as it is the case in our current world, the level of participation increases and people want to have a say in what affects their lives (Garland Oliver, 2004). Thus, the level participation in health care is better off and more powerful in this present time than it was when it was the Alma Ata was adopted. Evidence suggest that the values as enshrined by the Alma Ata are becoming the mainstream of modernising societies and it is a reflection of the way people look at health and what they expect from their health care system (WHO, 2008). Alma Ata failed in some countries because the Government of such countries refused to put strategies towards sustaining a strong and vibrant primary health care system that is appropriate to the health needs of the community such that access is improved, participation and partnership is encouraged and health is improved in general. There is no goal standard guideline or manual on Alma Ata but individual governments have to develop their own strategies which should be well suited towards meeting their own needs. The Alma Ata founding principles is still relevant towards achieving these goals especially as it brings health care to peoples door step as it encourages training of people to efficiently and effectively deliver health services. Evidence has shown that there is a greater range of cost effective interventions than was available 30 years ago (Jamison et al., 2006). It is for these reasons that primary health care is essential towards achieving the millennium development goals e specially as it concerns child survival, maternal health, and HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and other diseases. The Alma Ata emphasises the importance of collaboration as an important tool towards introducing, developing and maintaining primary health care. This partnership as supported by the Alma Ata is essential to increase technical and financial support to primary health care especially in low income countries. It is a current trend to find an increasing mixture of private and public health systems as well as increasing private-public partnerships. Governments, donor and private organisations are now working together to promote and protect health unlike after Alma Ata (OECD, 2005). There is also increased funding and this is shifting from selective global funds to strengthening health systems through sector wide approaches (Salama et al., 2008). This kind of collaborations is a step in the right direction and when it is strengthened according to the principles of the Alma Ata, it will not only improve the buoyancy of the health care system but also improve participation and equity in the sense that health care is more qualitative and accessible to the people. The years that followed after adoption of the Alma Ata by WHO member states was characterised by unstable political leadership and military dictatorship especially among low income countries which lead to neglect of the health sector. This created unfriendly environments for the development and maintenance of stable primary health care systems. In this current times however, most countries have embraced the democratic system of leadership that promotes equity, participation and partnership. Health equity is continually enjoying prominence in the dialogue of political leaders and ministries of health (Dahlgren Whitehead, 2006). Thus, the environment being created is friendlier to the Alma Ata hence making it more relevant in this time. Thirty years ago, the values of equity, people centeredness, community participation and self determination embraced by the Alma Ata was considered as being radical but today these values have become widely share expectations for health (WHO, 2008). Our current time has been marked by gross technological advancement which was not available in the 1970s. There is also an increased wealth of knowledge and literature on health and on the growing health inequalities between and within countries all of which was not available 30 years ago. All these put together provides a relevant foundation to support the Alma Ata in the present time making it more relevant in delivering effective health care service. Conclusion The prevailing political and economic situation around the world make the Alma Ata more relevant than it was in 1978. However, there is still need for more to be done. There is need for the revitalisation of primary health care according to the tenets of the Alma Ata and progress made should be consistently monitored. There is also the need for an increased commitment to the virtues of health for all as well as increased commitment of resources towards primary health care which should be driven by good evidence base. It is important that emphasis be changed from single interventions that produce short term or immediate results to interventions that will create an integrated, long term and a sustainable health care system. Even with the challenges being faced so far with full implementation of the Alma Ata, the ideals are relevant still relevant now more than ever.

Comparison of Miracle on St. Davids Day by Gillian Clarke and Daffodil

Comparison of Miracle on St. David's Day by Gillian Clarke and Daffodils by William Wordsworth 'Daffodils' was written by William Wordsworth approximately a century before 'Miracle on St. David's Day' was written by Gillian Clarke. Due to this, the poems differ greatly in their style and language. Observing the poems at first glance, it is obvious that they also contrast in content, however at greater depth, the connections between them are made obvious. In this essay, I will be discussing the connections and differences between the two poems. The daffodil is the national symbol of Wales; it represents hope, joy and celebration. Both of the poets make this markedly palpable using this as a theme for their poems. In 'Miracle on St. David's Day' daffodils are mentioned at the beginning and end of the poem, carrying significance as it is they that remind the 'big, dumb labouring manà ¢? ¦' of a time when he had something to say. The man speaks for the first time in forty years, reciting the poem 'Daffodils' implying that this is what he has to say: the joy and hope evoked in him by both the daffodils that he sees and the poem 'Daffodils'. Wordsworth is less subtle is his regard of daffodils, his poem is more conspicuous in portraying the 'fluttering dancing jocund ' daffodils as they fill his heart with pleasure and this image of the daffodils is the same throughout the poem. Both poems depict how it is the daffodils that evoke some form of emotion in either the author himself, or a character in the poem. In 'Miracle on St. David's Day' the 'yellow and open-mouthed [daffodils]' and the 'rhythms of the poems' remind him that 'once he had something to say' and brings him out of his 'dumbness of misery', w... ... importance of a word or emotion ' I gazed- and gazed ' To gaze implies to watch with a certain amount of emotion, unlike to simply look at something. By repeating the word gaze, he emphasises that the flowers actually meant something to him. Wordsworth also uses onomatopoeia to allow the reader to visualise the description, ' fluttering ' The word allows the reader to see the daffodils fluttering, like a butterfly. These descriptive words are often used in association with a well-known description for example: the fluttering butterflies. Having studied both poems in depth, it is clear that they have more differences than similarities. However, they both have the same underlying theme of something wonderful happening that should be treasured, although they have presented this theme differently to the reader (different setting, characters, topic etc.). Comparison of Miracle on St. David's Day by Gillian Clarke and Daffodil Comparison of Miracle on St. David's Day by Gillian Clarke and Daffodils by William Wordsworth 'Daffodils' was written by William Wordsworth approximately a century before 'Miracle on St. David's Day' was written by Gillian Clarke. Due to this, the poems differ greatly in their style and language. Observing the poems at first glance, it is obvious that they also contrast in content, however at greater depth, the connections between them are made obvious. In this essay, I will be discussing the connections and differences between the two poems. The daffodil is the national symbol of Wales; it represents hope, joy and celebration. Both of the poets make this markedly palpable using this as a theme for their poems. In 'Miracle on St. David's Day' daffodils are mentioned at the beginning and end of the poem, carrying significance as it is they that remind the 'big, dumb labouring manà ¢? ¦' of a time when he had something to say. The man speaks for the first time in forty years, reciting the poem 'Daffodils' implying that this is what he has to say: the joy and hope evoked in him by both the daffodils that he sees and the poem 'Daffodils'. Wordsworth is less subtle is his regard of daffodils, his poem is more conspicuous in portraying the 'fluttering dancing jocund ' daffodils as they fill his heart with pleasure and this image of the daffodils is the same throughout the poem. Both poems depict how it is the daffodils that evoke some form of emotion in either the author himself, or a character in the poem. In 'Miracle on St. David's Day' the 'yellow and open-mouthed [daffodils]' and the 'rhythms of the poems' remind him that 'once he had something to say' and brings him out of his 'dumbness of misery', w... ... importance of a word or emotion ' I gazed- and gazed ' To gaze implies to watch with a certain amount of emotion, unlike to simply look at something. By repeating the word gaze, he emphasises that the flowers actually meant something to him. Wordsworth also uses onomatopoeia to allow the reader to visualise the description, ' fluttering ' The word allows the reader to see the daffodils fluttering, like a butterfly. These descriptive words are often used in association with a well-known description for example: the fluttering butterflies. Having studied both poems in depth, it is clear that they have more differences than similarities. However, they both have the same underlying theme of something wonderful happening that should be treasured, although they have presented this theme differently to the reader (different setting, characters, topic etc.).

Hamlets Soliloquy - To be, or not to be :: Hamlet essays

Hamlet's Soliloquy - To be, or not to be Hamlet's "To be, or not to be" soliloquy is arguably the most famous soliloquy in the history of the theatre. Even today, 400 years after it was written, most people are vaguely familiar with the soliloquy even though they may not know the play. What gives these 34 lines such universal appeal and recognition? What about Hamlet's introspection has prompted scholars and theatregoers alike to ask questions about their own existence over the centuries? In this soliloquy, Shakespeare strikes a chord with a fundamental human concern: the validity and worthiness of life. Would it not be easier for us to simply enter a never-ending sleep when we find ourselves facing the daunting problems of life than to "suffer / the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune"? However, it is perhaps because we do not know what this endless sleep entails that humans usually opt against suicide. "For in that sleep of death what dreams may come / When we have shuffled off this mortal coil / Must give us pause." Shakespeare seems to understand this dilemma through his character Hamlet, and thus the phrase "To be, or not to be" has been immortalized; indeed, it has pervaded our culture to such a remarkable extent that it has been referenced countless times in movies, television, and the media. Popular movies such as Billy Madison quote the famous phrase, and www.tobeornottobe.com serves as an online archive of Shakespeare's works. Today, a Shakespeare stereotype is held up by the bulk of society, where they see him as the god of drama, infallible and fundamentally superior to modern playwrights. However, this attitude is not new. Even centuries ago, the "holiness" of Shakespeare's work inspired and awed audiences. In a letter dated October 1, 1775, Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, commenting on David Garrick's production of Hamlet (1742-1776) to his friend Heinrich Christian Boie, likens the "To be, or not to be" soliloquy to the Lord's Prayer. He says that the soliloquy "does not naturally make the same impression on the auditor" as Hamlet's other soliloquies do, But it produces an infinitely greater effect than could be expected of an argument on suicide and death in tragedy; and this is because a large part of the audience not only knows it by

The Apology and the Republic Essay -- Philosophy Socrates Plato

Socrates was a renowned philosopher in the ancient Grecian times. His peak was around the Peloponnesian War, when the Spartans defeated the Athenians and ended the Golden Age. The reason Socrates is one of histories most famous philosophers is largely due to Plato's writings. Two of Plato's famous works include The Apology and The Republic, both written about Socrates' views about the so called "wise philosophers" of his time. The two works hold unique views about government, as well as opening the eyes of the Grecian people to the world as they knew it. In the Apology, Socrates was told by the Delphic Oracle that there was nobody wiser than him. With ancient Greece having been a prominent home of philosophy and art since before Socrates' time, the Athenian court found his proclamation both insulting and hard to believe. Socrates goes through great lengths to find the wisest of men and seeing if their reputations are in fact true. He hoped to find a man wiser than him to prove the oracles prediction was false, even Socrates failed to believe he was the wisest man. He first went to a man that seemed wise. After he spoke with him Plato quotes "I came to see that, though many persons, and chiefly himself, thought that he was wise, yet he was not wise."(77) With his certainty that Socrates was wiser, the man was insulted and hated Socrates for derailing his intelligence. Socrates then goes to another wise man, but is again let down. He still believes he is wiser. Convinced that he would not find a more intelligent man amongst wise m en, he then questioned the more "educated people", such as poets and artisans. According to Plato, Socrates says "I imagine, they find a great abundance of men who think that they know a great... ...litical figure came close to challenging Socrates' unique philosophical plan. In the Republic, Socrates' ideas of how ignorant a democracy is, is portrayed in the Apology when Socrates' proclamation resulted in death. A democracy is supposed to be about individuality and freedom, however it was contradicted when Socrates was put to death because he had ideas for a better system of ruling. He wanted a ruler to be somebody who would see truth, not shunning certain ideas and keeping others solely because it is not understood. These ideas are portrayed in both excerpts. Plato opened the eyes of many up and coming philosophers and shaped governments around the world with his teachings. The Apology and the Republic succeeded in that they spread his teachings, releasing a more truthful way of coping with societies problems rather than shunning ideas as a whole. The Apology and the Republic Essay -- Philosophy Socrates Plato Socrates was a renowned philosopher in the ancient Grecian times. His peak was around the Peloponnesian War, when the Spartans defeated the Athenians and ended the Golden Age. The reason Socrates is one of histories most famous philosophers is largely due to Plato's writings. Two of Plato's famous works include The Apology and The Republic, both written about Socrates' views about the so called "wise philosophers" of his time. The two works hold unique views about government, as well as opening the eyes of the Grecian people to the world as they knew it. In the Apology, Socrates was told by the Delphic Oracle that there was nobody wiser than him. With ancient Greece having been a prominent home of philosophy and art since before Socrates' time, the Athenian court found his proclamation both insulting and hard to believe. Socrates goes through great lengths to find the wisest of men and seeing if their reputations are in fact true. He hoped to find a man wiser than him to prove the oracles prediction was false, even Socrates failed to believe he was the wisest man. He first went to a man that seemed wise. After he spoke with him Plato quotes "I came to see that, though many persons, and chiefly himself, thought that he was wise, yet he was not wise."(77) With his certainty that Socrates was wiser, the man was insulted and hated Socrates for derailing his intelligence. Socrates then goes to another wise man, but is again let down. He still believes he is wiser. Convinced that he would not find a more intelligent man amongst wise m en, he then questioned the more "educated people", such as poets and artisans. According to Plato, Socrates says "I imagine, they find a great abundance of men who think that they know a great... ...litical figure came close to challenging Socrates' unique philosophical plan. In the Republic, Socrates' ideas of how ignorant a democracy is, is portrayed in the Apology when Socrates' proclamation resulted in death. A democracy is supposed to be about individuality and freedom, however it was contradicted when Socrates was put to death because he had ideas for a better system of ruling. He wanted a ruler to be somebody who would see truth, not shunning certain ideas and keeping others solely because it is not understood. These ideas are portrayed in both excerpts. Plato opened the eyes of many up and coming philosophers and shaped governments around the world with his teachings. The Apology and the Republic succeeded in that they spread his teachings, releasing a more truthful way of coping with societies problems rather than shunning ideas as a whole.

Incremental and Radical Innovation

In recent years, the importance of innovation in business cannot be emphasized too much. Along with rapid economic development, the cooperation having innovative ability enables them to own a place in this competitive society. In order to achieve the goal of survival, the firms need to understand the different types of innovation from incremental innovation and radical innovation for those firms who guarantee with the product quality, the lower cost and increasing profits.Following this essay, the difference between incremental and radical innovation are the distinctness of change level of technology and the difference of effectiveness. Following this essay, the effectiveness of two different types of innovation and an example of each types would be explanatory. Innovation can be used in invention or improvement of products, production process, organization and staff creativity. According to the change level of technology , there are different types of innovation, one is incremental innovation and the other is radical innovation.Utilizing which types of innovation depends on what kind of conditions does a cooperation faces. Different consequence would be reached while adopting these two types on innovative system. To begin with, the definition of incremental innovation is ‘doing what we do but better' (Tidd, Bessant, 2009, p. 27). It usually bases on improvement or boost the existing technology, products or process for maintaining the competitiveness of specific market. Adopting incremental innovation could results in enormous cost saving through upgrading or improving old products or service. Stamm,2003,p260) . In terms of reduction of inefficiencies and waste, which could benefit company from saving money, resources or time. Also this effectiveness from incremental innovation could benefit not only cooperation, but also customers. For example, a famous US airplane company – American Airlines Incorporated (AA). In 1986, when AA had faced a downtur n trend with profits, they cut a significant cost on their on board meal. (Maynard 2005). Their crew found out that 72% of passengers do not use olive in their salad catering from airplane.The price of salad was included five items, if they change their ingredients of food without olive, it can save $500,000 cost annual year. Since this incremental innovation had reduced the operating cost significantly, increasingly amenities had been cut for less spending such as playing cards, postcards and some toys for children. Although this type of innovation cannot bring new income directly, it does not mean it cannot save a enormous money. Compared with incremental innovation which means doing what we do better, the radical innovation refers to do something different. (Tidd, Bessant, 2009, p. 7) Radical innovation is the revolutionary change in technology or market. To make a breakthrough on the limitation of current technology and production capability , which could strengthen and sustain a firm's leadership in the market. Moreover, a radical innovation could change current competitive condition, creating a new market and making more opportunities for much benefits and profitability . For example a light emitting diode-LED which is a major device in current life. (It would be finished next time) These two different types of innovation are used in different conditions.Incremental innovation is generally a short-term innovation. On the other hand, radical innovation would continue more longer, usually over 10 years, referring to an high risk investment. Furthermore, radical innovation requires ability of high level of technology innovation, which means it need a relative large expense of investment rather than that of incremental innovation. (Ten3 Business e-Coach 2004) To sum up, in this changing commercial environment, each company should keep learning and carrying out knowledge of innovation to achieve their commitments with profits growth.

General Banking Perspectives: Dhaka Bank Ltd

1. Introduction Commercial Bank implies that banks devote most of their resources to meeting the financial needs of business firms. This institution offers the public both deposit and credit services as well as a growing list of newer and more innovating services, such as investment advice, security underwriting, and financial planning. In recent years financial institutions have diversified themselves to satisfy consumers and units of government around the world.The result is the emergence of a financial institution that has been called a financial department store because it satisfies the broadest range of financial services needs in the global economy. The importance to commercial banks may be measured in a number of ways. Banks are still the principal means of making payments, through the checking accounts, credit cards, and electronic funds transfer services they offer. Banks are important because of their ability to create money from excess reserves made available from the publ ic's deposits.The banking system can take a given volume of excess cash reserves and, by making loans and investment, generate a multiple amount of credit. Bangladesh is developing country. After liberalization, we achieve a poor economic growth in last three decades. This is because of number of micro and macro factors as density of people. Bangladesh is a place where we see lack of proper education and poor political stability. Political instability is the major factor in Bangladesh that makes a vital hazard to achieve the economic growth.All of above, banking industry brings a little bit hope that can be a better flavor to accelerate the economic growth in our country. This is the only sector (especially private banking) that getting a continuous develops from last two decades. One of the aims of this study involves the focus on ‘The General Banking Practice of Dhaka Bank Ltd, Halishahar Branch’. Another aim of this paper is to point out how management of the bank ca n perform better and provide better service to the clients. 2. Methodology Different data and information are required to meet the goal of this report.Those data and information were collected from various sources, such as, primary and secondary which is showed below: Primary data were collected from: ? Face to face conversations with the employees at various fields. ? Personal interviewing and interacting customers. ? Observing various organizational procedures. ? Customer’s response from questions. Secondary data were collected from: ? Internet and Annual report of Dhaka Bank Limited. ? Progress report/ Statement affairs and Bank Rate sheet of the Bank. ? Several kinds of Academic test-book and training sheet. Different publications regarding banking functions and foreign-exchange operation. ? Prior research report on this Bank. 3. Scope The scope of the research covers the General Banking practices of Dhaka Bank Limited. The report focuses on the general banking practices in general, how it is implemented in Dhaka Bank Limited. 4. Limitation of the study The present study was not out of limitations. From the beginning to end, the study has been completed sincerely and carefully. But some problem arises from conducting the study.During the study it was not possible to visit the whole area covered by the banks although the financial statements and other information regarding the study have been covered. Some limitation are given stated below- 1. The main constraint of the study is insufficiency of information, which was required for the study. There are various information that the bank employee can't provide due to security and other corporate obligations. 2. Due to time limitations many of the aspects could not be discussed in the present report. 3.Every organization has their own secrecy that is not revealed to others. While collecting data through interviewing the employees, they did not disclose much information for the sake of the confidentiality of the organization. 5. Background of Dhaka Bank: Dhaka Bank Limited is one of the premier and top ranked private banks in Bangladesh. The bank was established in the year 1995 as some veteran and well established businessmen grouped together and worked sincerely to establish this bank. The bank was incorporated as a public limited company under the companies act 1994.The founder of the bank was Mr. Mirza Abbas Uddin Ahmed who was also the former advisor of the bank. The Head Office of the bank is located at Biman Bhaban 1st floor, 100 Motijheel C/A, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. The bank started its very first journey on July 5th 1995 with an authorized capital of Tk. 1000 million and a paid up capital of Tk. 100 million. Since the inception of the bank the bank made phenomenal growth in terms of operation, business and goodwill. As of March 31st 2010 the bank’s paid up capital stood at Tk. ,659,597,800 and the total equity (capital and reserves) stood up at Tk. 6,036,368,754. Th e bank currently has 62 fully operational branches all over the country, 3 SME Service Centers, 6 CMS Units, 2 Offshore Units, and one CPZ (central processing office) which is situated in BGMEA building Karwan Bazar , Dhaka Bangladesh As an integral part of their commitment to Excellence in Banking, Dhaka Bank now offers the full range of real-time online banking service through its all branches, ATMs and Internet Banking Channels.Dhaka Bank Ltd is the preferred choice in banking for friendly and personalized services, cutting edge technology, tailored solutions for business need, global reach in trade and commerce and high yield on investments. 5. 1. The Mission of Dhaka Bank Limited- To be the premier financial institution in the country providing high quality products and services backed by latest technology and a highly motivated team of personnel to deliver Excellence In Banking. 5. 2. The Vision of Dhaka Bank Limited- At Dhaka Bank, we draw our inspiration from the distant sta rs.Our team is committed to assure a standard that makes every banking transaction a pleasurable experience. Our endeavour is to offer you razor sharp sparkle through accuracy , reliability , timely delivery , cutting edge technology and tailored solution for business needs, global reach in trade and commerce and high yield on your investment . 5. 3 The Goal of Dhaka Bank Limited- Our people, products and processes are aligned to meet the demand of our discerning customers. Our goal is to achieve a distinction like the luminaries in the sky.Our Dhaka Objective is to deliver a quality that demonstrates a true reflection of our vision – Excellence in Banking. 6 General Banking General banking creates a vital link between customers and bank. It’s really a classic as crucial department for the bank. It is the introductory department of the bank to its customers. The Dhaka Bank Ltd, Halishahar branch has all the required sections of general banking. Every day it receives de posits from customers and meets their demands for cash by honoring instruments. General banking department is that department which is mostly exposed to the maximum number of bank customer. . 1 Different Departments of General Banking It has five major parts in the branch to perform. The sections are: i. Account opening section ii. Cheque clearing iii. Cash iv. Remittance v. Accounts section 6. 2 Different Types of Customers/ Account Holder: Any one can open an account in Dhaka Bank Ltd. if he is capable of entering a valid contract and a banker is satisfied his confide and willing to inter into the necessary business relation with him. So any one of the following types of customers can open account:- i. Individual ( personal ) ii. Joint iii. Proprietorship ( sole traders / registered or unregistered ) v. Joint stock companies ( private/ public ltd. companies) 6. 3 Account Opening and Dispatch Department: Account opening is the gateway to the bank. The relationship between a banker and its customer begins with the opening of an account by the customer. For this, account opening is considered the most important function of a commercial bank. All banks generally maintain a separate department to open accounts. The function of accounts opening department can be classified into the following three categories: 1. Supplying various accounts related information to the customers. 2. Opening of account and . Issuing cheque books and ATM Card. Supplying various accounts related information to the customers: When a customer comes to open an account with a bank, s/he needs to be informed about various information relating to account opening. Account opening department enthusiastically provides necessary information to the customer. Following information is supplied to the customer depending on their requirements: †¢ Type of accounts maintained by the bank †¢ Requirements/Necessary formalities for opening each type of accounts †¢ Eligibility to open an accou nt etc. Types of accounts maintained by DBLAccounts based on operations as under: †¢ Current Account (CD A/C) †¢ Short Term Deposit Account (STD A/C) †¢ Savings Bank Account (SB A/C) †¢ Fixed Deposit Receipt Account (FDR A/C) Accounts based on Nature of Customers as under: †¢ Single/Individual Account †¢ Joint individual Account †¢ Sole Trader/ Proprietorship Account †¢ Partnership Account †¢ Company Account etc. Savings accounts are opened for single/individual and joint individual customer. Business organizations/enterprises are not allowed to open savings account. 6. 4 Requirements/Necessary formalities for opening each type of accounts: ? Single/Individual Savings Bank Accounts: Introduction of customer (Must be either by an account holder (SB/CD A/C) or an employee of the bank. †¢ Photographs-Two copies (attested by the Introducer) †¢ Photocopy of valid passport/Citizenship Certificate from Chairman or Ward commissioner/Cer tificate from the employee of the bank. Add: †¢ Transaction Profile †¢ Signature on Money laundering Circular ? Joint Individual Account: No additional requirements/formalities other than the Single/Individual Savings Bank Accounts. ? Single Individual/Joint Individual CD A/C Requirements/Formalities as like as SB A/C, except here introducer must be a CD A/C holder of the bank. Proprietorship CD A/C †¢ Introduction of the customer (Must be by a CD A/C account holder or an employee of the bank. †¢ Photographs- (Two Copies) of the proprietor. †¢ Valid Trade License. †¢ Company Seal. †¢ Photocopy of valid passport of the proprietor/Citizenship/ Certificate from Chairman or Ward commissioner/Certificate from the employee of the bank. Add: †¢ Transaction Profile †¢ Signature on Money laundering Circular †¢ Signature on KYC form ? Partnership CD A/C †¢ Introduction of the partners (Must be by a CD A/C account holder or an employee of the bank. Photographs- (Two Copies) of every partner. †¢ Valid Trade License. †¢ Seal. †¢ Date of incorporation. †¢ Photocopy of valid passport of the proprietor/Citizenship Certificate or Identity Certificate from Chairman or Ward commissioner/Certificate from the employee of the bank. †¢ Partnership Letter. Add: †¢ Transaction Profile †¢ Each partner’s Signature on Money laundering Circular †¢ Each partner’s Signature on KYC form ? Limited Company A/C †¢ Introduction (Must be by a CD A/C account holder or an employee of the bank †¢ Photographs- (Two Copies) †¢ Valid Trade License Company Seal †¢ Resolution of the Company on company’s letterhead †¢ Certified and attested copy (attested by MD or Chairman) of Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association †¢ Certified and attested copy of Certificate of incorporation †¢ List of Directors †¢ Photocopy of valid passport/Citizensh ip Certificate or Identity Certificate from Chairman or Ward commissioner/Certificate from the employee of the bank. Add: †¢ Annexure E: Identification of Directors and Authorized Signatories †¢ Annexure D: Director’s Signature on KYC form †¢ Transaction Profile 6. Eligibility to open an account: Anyone capable of entering into a valid contract can open an account with the bank. A minor can also open an account under guardianship or alone if s/he is at least 12 years old. But a minor is not allowed to open a current account. Lunatic, Insolvent person/Drunker/Liquidator/Any other individual or organization by law cannot open an account with bank. 6. 6 Accounts Opening of Customers with the Bank Opening of an account involves certain formalities, which varies according to different types of accounts as well as various categories of customers.The bank supplies following printed forms during opening an account of a customer: o Account opening Form o Specimen Signat ure Card o Deposit Slip o Cheque Book Requisition Slip o KYC Profile Form o Transaction Profile Form Customers are requested to read all the instructions carefully and then fill up the forms properly. Account opening officer must have to check all the forms or documents i. e. whether the customer duly signs them where necessary as well as introducer must introduce the customer by putting signature in the space provided on the account opening form.After completion of all the formalities by the customer, Dhaka bank officials have to perform the following functions chronologically: |Scrutinizing account opening form and Specimen signature card | |Getting the approval of accounts by authorized officer | |Putting account number on the form | |Putting entry in the account opening register | |Posting all the account information in the computer | Issuing a cheque book | |Maintaining all relevant papers/documents in separate file in the name of the | |every account holder | |Sending the sp ecimen signature card to the cash department | |Sending a thanks giving letter to the New account opener’s address | |Maintaining all relevant papers/documents in separate file in the name of the every | |account holder | 6. 7 Issuing of a Cheque BookA cheque book is issued to the customer at the time of the account opening or may by issued after 2-3 days from account opening. And additional cheque book is issued at the request of the customer according to his/her necessity. Followings are the formalities during issuing a cheque book: Getting the cheque book requisition slip signed by the account holder By verifying the signature, issuing the cheque book Writing down the account number on each leaf of the cheque book Making entry to the cheque issue register Supplying the cheque book to the account holder after getting proper acknowledgement from the account holderInland Remittance Department Remittance Department: This department deals with transfer of money from one place to another place. Remittance can be classified as inland remittance and foreign remittance; however, remittance department mainly deals with inland remittance rather than foreign remittance. Instruments used for inland remittance as under: o Pay Order (P. O) o Demand Draft (DD) o Telegraphic Transfer (TT) Pay Order: A Pay Order is a written order on a specific instrument i. e. generally called â€Å"Block† issued by a bank to pay a certain sum of money to specific person, Organization or a bank.It is called banker’s cheque, as it is issued by a bank as well as drawn upon on a bank. Issuance of Pay Order: issuance of pay order involves following steps: ? Upon requests of customer, bank supplies prescribed application form ? Applicant has to provide detailed particulars of him/herself as well as beneficiary or receiver of the Pay Order ? Total amount of the P. O must be written both in words and in figures in the space provided ? Credit vouchers are prepared; one for com mission and another for VAT ? Now customer is requested to deposit the P.O amount along with VAT and Commission charges to the cash department ? Cash department releases the application form with authorized signature and cash received seal ? Now Pay Order is written on block which has three parts: First part is retained by the issuing bank, Second part is for customer and Third part is for the beneficiary of the Pay Order ? In this stage all the information is entered into the P. O register Payment or Encashment of Pay Order: Issuing bank makes payment of Pay Order upon presentation through clearing house. When the P.O does not consist of discrepancies, necessarily the proceeds of Pay Order is credited to the account of payee/beneficiary. However, before making payment of P. O, the signature of issuing officer is verified and date of payment is recorded in the Pay Order issue register. Demand Draft A Demand Draft, which is traditionally called DD. A DD is a written order on a specif ic instrument of one branch of a bank upon another branch of the same bank to pay a certain sum of money to or to the order of a specified person or of a specified organization. In practice DD is not issued between two branches within the same city.Issuance of Demand Draft: Issuance of DD involves following steps: ? Customer is asked to fill up a form in specific form provided by bank which is also treated as a voucher ? Commission and Charges are also mentioned in the form ? Two credit vouchers; one for commission and another for VAT is stapled with the form ? Customer pays cash in the cash department with relevant vouchers ? Cash dept. receives cash and delivers vouchers after completing necessary formalities ? Now DD is prepared in a block Branch-wise serial number is given on the draft ? The draft number is written on the voucher ? Draft block and voucher along with the register are sent to the officer in charge for checking and then sent to manager/Second in charge of the branc h for authorization ? The draft may be crossed if customer desires and finally delivered to him/her against initial or acknowledgement on the voucher Payment of Demand Draft: After receiving the DD, the drawer branch checks the date, amount both in words and figures and signature. In case of Test DD, Test number must be reconciled before payment.And then DD is cancelled and payment date is noted in the register. If the DD is crossed, the payment is made through clearing house. Telegraphic Transfer In case of Telegraphic Transfer, which in brief is called TT, an applicant has to fill up prescribed form supplied by bank to inform all the particulars about the sender as well as the receiver/beneficiary of the TT. Besides, following points should be checked in this regard: ? Full name of the beneficiary and his account number if the instruction here is â€Å"credit to beneficiary’s account†, or full address if instruction is there to advise & pay ?Commission and Telegram c harge are recovered from customer ? A cost memo has to prepare for customer in this regard; containing the amount of TT, commission and Telegram charges ? Customer has to deposit cash in the cash department along with voucher and application ? Remittance depart finally checks all the particulars viz. name of the beneficiary, account number of the beneficiary, name of the bank, name of the branch and mode of payment etc. ? Each and every TT must be Tested whatever the amount of TT ?Authorized officer then send the TT message through Telex/Telephone ? The issuing branch also sends a TT confirmation advice to the drawer branch and one copy is retained by the branch Payment of Telegraphic Transfer (TT): The payment of TT is paid only when TT test numbers reconcile. TT receiving branch maintains TT message receiving memo. On agreement of Test, the serial number of TT is entered in the TT payable register. The issuing branch informs if any number is mismatched or omitted. Two vouchers are prepared in this regard as under:DBL General A/C†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦****** Branch———-Dr. Bills Payable A/C†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (TT payable)————-Cr. The TT amount is then credited to the beneficiary’s account if the beneficiary/receiver of the TT is an account holder of the branch; otherwise a Pay Order is issued if the beneficiary/receiver of TT is an account holder of another bank. 6. 8 Clearing Section: According to the Article 37(2) of Bangladesh Bank Order, 1972, the banks, which are the member of the clearinghouse, are called as Scheduled Banks. The scheduled banks clear the cheque drawn upon one another through the clearinghouse.This is an arrangement by the central bank where everyday the representative of the member banks gathers to clear the cheque. Banks for credit of the proceeds to the customers’ accounts accept Cheque and other similar instruments. The bank receives many such instruments during the day from ac count holders. Many of these instruments are drawn payable at other banks. If they were to be presented at the drawer banks to collect the proceeds, it would be necessary to employ many messengers for the purpose. Similarly, there would be many cheque drawn on this the messengers of other banks would present bank and them at the counter.The whole process of collection and payment would involve considerable labor, delay, risk and expenditure. All the labor, Risk, delay and expenditure are substantially reduced, by the representatives of all the banks meeting at a specified time, for exchanging the instruments and arriving at the net position regarding receipt or payment. The place where the banks meet and settle their dues is called the Clearinghouse. Activities of the Section: (a) Preparation of Clearing Outward and Inward Lodgment and record maintenance of the same. (b) Batch posting as and when required. On receipt of instruments, the same is endorsed here.Then clearing section wi ll sent IBDA to head Office for clearing purpose and on receipt of IBCA from Head Office amount is credited to customers account and vice versa. If the instrument is return then the same is given back to the customer. 6. 9 Collection Section: Checks, drafts etc. are drown on bank located outside clearing house are sent for collection. Motijheel Branch collects its client’s above-mentioned instruments from other branches of DBL and branches other than DBL. In case of out ward bills for collection customers account is credited after finishing the collection processor.And in case of in ward bills customers account is debited for this purpose. So it places dual role as follows: i) Collecting Banker ii) Paying Banker. Activities of the Section: Collection is done when (i) Paying Bank is located out side Dhaka City. (ii) Paying Bank is other branches of DBL situated inside Dhaka City. i) Paying Bank is outside Dhaka City: Collection department of Motijheel Branch (Principal Branch) , DBL sends outward bills for collection (OBC) to the concerned paying bank to get inter Bank Credit Advice (IBCA) from paying Bank.If the paying bank dishonors the instrument, the same is returned to principal Branch. ii) The Paying Bank of their own branches inside Dhaka City: Collection Department sends transfer delivery item to other branches of same bank situated inside Dhaka City. Upon receiving IBCA customer’s a/c is credited. Procedures for Outward Bills for Collection: 6. 10 Accounts Section: In banking business transactions are done every day and these transactions are to be recorded properly and systematically as the banks deal with the depositors’ money.Any deviation in proper recording may hamper public confidence and the bank has to suffer a lot. Improper recording of transactions will lead to the mismatch in the debit side and credit side. To avoid these mishaps, the bank provides a separate department whose function is to check the mistakes in passing v ouchers or wrong entries or fraud or forgery. This department is called Accounts Department. Besides these, the branch has to prepare some internal statements as well as some statutory statements, which are to be submitted to the Central Bank and the Head Office.This department prepares all these statements. Functions of Accounting Department: We can divide the functions of accounting department into two categories. One is day-to-day task and another is periodical task. a. Day to day functions: Here day-to-day function refers to the every day tasks. Accounting department of DBL performs the following day to day functions: b. Periodical functions: Periodical functions of accounts department include the preparation of different weekly, fortnightly, monthly, quarterly and annual statement.The accounts department prepares the following statements: etc. 6. 11 Cash Section: Cash section is a very sensitive organ of the branch and handle with extra care. Operation of this section begins at the start of the banking hour. Cash officer begins his/her transaction with taking money from the vault, known as the opening cash balance. Vault is kept in a much secured room. Keys to the room are kept under control of cash officer and branch in charge. The amount of opening cash balance is entered into a register.After whole days’ transaction, the surplus money remain in the cash counter is put back in the vault and known as the closing balance. Money is received and paid in this section. 6. 11. 1 Cash Receipt: 6. 11. 2. Cash Payment: 6. 12 Conclusion: Bank is the largest organization of mobilizing surplus domestic savings. Attractive Savings Schemes are offered by DBL such as Contributory Savings Scheme, Monthly Benefit Deposit Scheme, Special Deposit Scheme, Education Savings Scheme, Fixed Deposit Scheme, Dhaka Bank Money Scheme, Dhaka Bank Insured Fixed Deposit Scheme as well as different accounts to save money.Schemes are designed concentrating in different purposes t o help the fixed income group people to help in need. Bank-Officials are also whole-hearted and dedicated to serve their customer with utmost care. 7. Online Branch Banking The Bank has set up a Wide Area Network (WAN) across the country to provide online branch banking facility to its valued clients. Under the Scheme,  clients of any branch shall be able to do banking transaction at other branches of the bank. Under this system a client will to be able to o following type of transactions # Cash withdrawal from his/her account at  any  branch  of the Bank irrespective of location. # Cash deposit in his/her account at any branch of the Bank irrespective of location. # Cash deposit in other's account at any branch of the Bank irrespective of location. # Transfer of money from his/her account with any branch of the Bank. Any amount can be deposited or transferred under Dhaka Line.In the system, however, at present there is a limit for cash withdrawal through bearer or by accou nt holder himself. Terms & Conditions of Online Branch Banking Service ONLINE BRANCH BANKING SERVICE is designed to serve its valued clients. Under this system, you shall be able to do the following type of transactions:    †¢ Cash withdrawal from your account at any   branch of the Bank †¢ Deposit in your account at any Branch of the Bank. †¢ Transfer of money from your account to any other account with any Branch of the Bank Transaction Limit Maximum ceiling of cash withdrawal by self is Tk. 10,00,000/- (ten lac) only per transaction †¢ Maximum ceiling of cash withdrawal by third party (bearer) per transaction is below Tk†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Only (please mention the limit you wand to place). †¢ Cash deposit/transfer  by online transaction is unlimited Online Transaction Membership Fee Membership fee is  Tk. 50/- per month for the Online Branch Banking Service. Charges for Online Transaction †¢ There will be no charge for transac tion within the city where the account is domiciled †¢ Fee Tk. 7/- will be realized from the customer’s account for each remote transaction (inter-city)  for amount up to Tk. 1, 00,000 (one lac). †¢ Fee at the rate of   0. 075% will be realized from the customer’s account for each remote transaction of amount more than Tk. 1,00,000 (one lac). Who can get this service The Clients who has account in Dhaka bank or who will open account in Dhaka bank and would be interested to maintain substantial deposits in Savings, Current or STD accounts, will be eligible to get Dhaka Line Service.How one can get this service Intending and eligible clients have to apply in prescribed application form to their branch (where account is maintained) to get the online service from the bank. The client should submit two copies photographs and signature cards alongwith the application form. To avail the Dhaka Line service, no charge should be paid for online transaction within a locality where the account is domiciled. But charges should be paid by the customer for inter city online transaction When a account will be activated for onlineWithin 15 days from the date of submission application a account will be activated for online service Dhaka Bank Limited obtained Principal Membership of Master-Card International in the month of May 1999. Within a period of 6 months, the bank successfully launched Master Card-Credit Card which created a new dimension in its customer service and consumer financing. The Special feature of the Dhaka Bank Master Card is that its bears the card holder’s photo on the card, which is the first of its kind in Bangladesh and adds security against misuse.Dhaka Bank Limited issues 4 types of cards. These are Gold Local & International and Silver Local & International. Local cards can be used in Bangladesh only. 7. 1 Followings are the main feature of MasterCard Credit – †¢ Dhaka Bank Ensure High Level of Security  by inserting your Photograph on the Card. †¢ 20 to 50 days credit form the date of transaction. When you receive your monthly statement, you can either choose to pay in full or just minimum due amount shown on the statement. No interest is charged if you pay in full within payment due date. 24 hours a day, 365 days worldwide service. †¢ No joining/administrative fees. †¢ waiver of annual fees for International Card: If you accumulate 20,000 Dhaka Bank Bonus Point for your Gold Card or, 10,000 Bonus Point for your Silver Card in a year then you enjoy our Card without fees( $ 1 purchase: 1 Bonus). †¢ Waiver of annual fee for Local Card:   If you accumulate 10,000 Dhaka Bank Bonus Point for your Gold Card or 8,000 Bonus Point for your Silver Card in a year then you enjoy our Card without fees( Tk. 50/- purchase : 1 Bonus point). The Highest Dhaka Bank Bonus Point holder can enjoy free air ticket Dhaka-Bangkok-Dhaka. (Business Class). †¢ Cash advance faciliti es. †¢ 1,39,00,000 locations accept MasterCard worldwide Facilities Available with the Card : The Card can be used for: 01. Making payments to Merchants against purchase of all goods and services by the Cardholder form Marchant(s); and 02. Availing Cash Advances: ? 2. 1 From any of DBL Branches or any member of MasterCard of any Merchant authorized to make Cash Advances; as may be agreed upon by DBL or ?By the use of the Card on any ATM of DBL or of MasterCard. Subject to these terms and conditions and in compliance with such requirements, limitations and procedures as may be imposed by DBL, any Merchant or MasterCard from time to time. 7. 2 SWIFT Dhaka Bank Limited is one of the first few Bangladeshi Banks who have become member of SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Inter-bank Financial Telecommunication) in 1999. SWIFT is members owned co-operative, which provides a fast and accurate communication network for financial transactions such as Letters of Credit, Fund transfer etc.By be coming a member of SWIFT, the bank has opened up possibilities for uninterrupted connectivity with over 5,700 user institutions in 150 countries around the world. SWIFT No. : PRBLBDDH Deposit Schemes of Dhaka Bank Limited: Bank is the largest mobilizer of surplus domestic savings. For poverty alleviation, we need self employment, for self-employment we need investment and for investment we need savings. In the other words, savings help capital formations and the capital formations help investments in the country.The investment in its turn helps industrialization leading towards creation of wealth of the country. And the wealth finally takes the country on road to progress and prosperity. As such, savings is considered the very basis of prosperity of the country. The more the growth of savings, the more will be the prosperity of the nation. The  savings rate in Bangladesh is one of the lowest in the world. In order to improve the savings rate, Financial Institutions responsible for mobilization of savings should offer attractive Savings Schemes so that the marginal propensity to save increases.The savings do not, of course, depend only on the quantum of income but largely depend on the habit of savings of the people. Contributory Savings Scheme: This is a Savings Scheme in which a person gets the opportunity to build up savings by contributing monthly installments and receives an attractive fixed amount at the end of a specified term. The Scheme is designed to help the fixed income group to save money and build up a sizable funds with which they can go for some income generating venture to improve the quality of their life and/or meet any future financial obligationsThe salient features of the Scheme are given below: > Minimum size of monthly installment shall be Tk. 500/- and multiplies of Tk. 1000/-. Maximum installment size shall be Tk. 25,000/- > The Deposit shall be for a period of 5 years. Lump sum amount shall be paid after maturity or monthly Pension shall be paid for the next 5 years according to the size of deposit. A brief chart of lump sum amount and monthly pension installments payable are shown below: Size of monthly deposit (Taka) |Terminal value after 5 years (Taka) |Pension for next 5 years (Taka) | |500/- |40,000/- |870/- | |1,000/- |80,000/- |1,739/- | |2,000/- |1,60,000/- |3,478/- | |3,000/- |2,40,000/- |5,217/- | |4,000/- |3,20,000/- |6,956/- | |5,000/- |4,00,000/- |8,695/- | |6,000/- |4,80,000/- |10,434/- | |7,000/- |5,60,000/- |12,173/- | |8,000/- |6,40,000/- |13,912/- | |9,000/- |7,20,000/- |15,651/- | |10,000/- |8,00,000/- |17,390/- | |11,000/- |8,80,000/- |19,129/- | |12,000/- |9,60,000/- |20,868/- | |13,000/- |10,40,000/- |22,607/- | |14,000/- |11,20,000/- |24,346/- | |15,000/- |12,00,000/- |26,085/- | |16,000/- |12,80,000/- |27,824/- | |17,000/- 13,60,000/- |29,563/- | |18,000/- |14,40,000/- |31,302/- | |19,000/- |15,20,000/- |33,041/- | |20,000/- |16,00,000/- |34,780/- | |21,000/- |16,80,000/- |36,519/- | |2 2,000/- |17,60,000/- |38,258/- | |23,000/- |18,40,000/- |39,997/- | |24,000/- |19,20,000/- |41,736/- | |25,000/- |20,00,000/- |43,475/- |Short Term Deposit ? A short term deposit (STD) account is a running account with amounts being paid into and drawn out of the account continuously. ? These accounts are called Demand Deposits or Demand Liabilities since the banker is under obligation to pay the money in such deposits on demand. ? These accounts are generally opened by Business Organization, Public Institution, and Corporate Bodies. ? An STD account may be opened by an individual person. ? It is an interest bearing deposit. Interest is calculated on daily basis as per Banks Prescribed Rate and is credited to account on half yearly basis. Current interest rate on STD account  is 6 Percent.Education Savings Scheme The educational expenses particularly the expenses for higher education are sharply increasing day by day in our country. Sometimes, the children are deprived of getting the desired level of education because of the inability of the parents to meet their educational expenses. But the parents would not feel any difficulty to defray such expenses if a proper financial planning is made much ahead of time. Moreover, we are receiving demands from the Islamic minded people of our country for an attractive Savings Scheme on the basis of Islamic Sariah so as to encourage them to save in Islamic way for education of their children.With this end in view, Dhaka Bank Limited has introduced a Savings Scheme entitled â€Å"Education Savings Scheme† in accordance with the principles of Islamic Sariah i. e. , on the basis of profit and loss sharing. The scheme provides a unique opportunity to the parents to make a future provision for the educational expenses of their children when they enter into Schools, Colleges and Universities out of the benefit of a small amount of savings with the Bank at an opportune moment The salient features of the Scheme are give n below: ? The Scheme shall be implemented through all Dhaka branches, though it is specially designed for Islamic Banking branches. ? Deposit of Tk. 50,000/- and multiples thereof but maximum limit of Tk. , 00,000/- at a time will be acceptable under the Scheme. ? A specially designed Receipt shall be issued for the deposit under the Scheme in the same manner as issued in case of FDR. Branches shall use the ESS receipts that used for existing scheme. ? The instrument shall be issued for a period of 5 years term. ? On maturity a lump sum amount of Tk. 85,382/- shall be payable or education allowance @ Tk. 1,854/- per month per Tk. 50,000/- shall be payable on the basis of deposit amount for next 5 years starting from the completion of the term as per following table. Income Tax @10% on interest may be deducted at source at the time of payment of lump sum amount. Initial Deposit (Taka)    |Lump sum amount payable at maturity (Taka)    |Amount of Education allowance per month | | | |  (Taka) | |50,000/- |85,382/- |1,854/- | |1,00,000/- |1,70,763/- |3,705/- | |1,50,000/- |2,56,145/- |5,558/- | |2,00,000/- 3,41,526/- |7,410/- | |2,50,000/- |4,26,908/- |9,263/- | |3,00,000/- |4,69,704/- |11,115/- | |3,50,000/- |5,47,988/- |12,968/- | |4,00,000/- |6,26,272/- |14,820/- | |4,50,000/- |7,04,556/- |16,673/- | |5,00,000/- |7,82,840/- |18,525/- | Double Benefit Deposit Scheme ? The Scheme shall be implemented through all the branches of Dhaka Bank Limited. ? Deposit of Tk. 25,000/- (Taka twenty five thousand) and multiplies thereof but maximum limit of Tk. 25, 00,000/- (Taka twenty five lac) at a time will be acceptable under the scheme. ? The instrument shall be issued for 5 years 4 months term. ? At maturity after 5 years 4 months double the amount of deposit will be paid to the depositor. Photograph of Nominee, duly attested by the depositor, shall be obtained at the time of opening the account. ? Normally no withdrawal will be allowed before maturity. But if any depositor intends to withdraw his deposit before maturity, the following rules will apply: ? (a) No benefit including interest/profit shall be allowed for pre-mature encashment within one year. (b) If the accounts / deposits are closed / encashed after one year of its opening, benefit shall be allowed on the deposit at normal Savings Deposit rate ? The instrument will be acceptable as collateral security against any investment subject to registering lien with the issuing branch. In case of death of a depositor, the amount of instrument will be paid to the nominee, to the legal heirs of the depositor on production of succession certificate. ? In case of instrument is lost the procedure for the issuance of a duplicate receipt will be the same as applicable in case of loss of FDR. ? Under the scheme depositor can get free insurance facility. ? Insurance coverage is only applicable to personal accident and serious illness related insurance policy. ? Depositor can take loan against his/ her deposit under this scheme ? At present no income tax will be deducted from the interest earned. But in future for any change in the government policy Bank reserves the right to deduct income tax.Fixed Deposit Scheme This type of deposit should be kept for a fixed term or period. Dhaka Bank Limited deals with the following terms deposit. Particulars Interest Rate 1(One) month 9. 00% 3(Three) month 12. 00% 6(Six) month 11. 50% 1(One) year 11. 00% Lakhopati Deposit Scheme (a)Monthly Installment size, tenure and terminal value of the scheme will be as follows: Monthly Installment Size (Taka) |Tenure |Amount to be paid after maturity (Taka) | |250/- |15 years |1,00,000/- | |500/- |10 years |1,00,000/- | |1,285/- |5 years |1,00,000/- | |2,400/- |3 years |1,00,000/- | Dhaka Millionaire   Scheme Monthly installment shall be Tk. 12,465. 00 /Tk. 7,890. 00 /Tk. 4,570. 0 for the tenor of 5/7/10 years respectively |Size of monthly deposit   (in |Investment Tenor (in |After the investm ent Tenor the terminal |Pension size of installment | |Taka)   |Year) |value of the Scheme (in Taka) |according to the years Invested | | | | |(in Taka ) | |12,465/- |5 |1,000,000/- |21,748/- | |7,890/- |7 |1,000,000/- |17,137/- | |4,570/- |10 |1,000,000/- |13,786/- | House Building Deposit   Scheme # The tenor of the House Building Deposit Scheme will be 5/7/10 years. # Minimum Equity building amount shall be Tk. 10. 00 lac. |Size of monthly |Size of monthly deposit in|Investment Tenor (in|Age Limit |After the   investment Tenor | |deposit in Tk. |Tk. Year) |(in Year)* |the terminal value of the | |(without |(with Insurance) | | |Scheme | |Insurance) | | | |(in Taka)** | |7,890/- |8,045/- |7 |18 to 38 |1,000,000/- | |12,465/- |12,640/- |5 |18 to 40 |1,000,000/- | |9,135/- |N/A |10 |18 to 35 |2,000,000/- | |15,770/- |N/A |7 |18 to 38 |2,000,000/- | |24,925/- |N/A |5 |18 to 40 |2,000,000/- | * Age upper limit will be applicable for HBL facilities only # Insurance Coverage will be restricted to terminal amount of Tk. ,000,000/-(Taka Ten Lac) only, here the age limit will be from 18 years to 60 years # A person can open more than one account but House Building Loan facility shall be on one account only. # Account in the name of minors can be opened too under the Scheme but without insurance coverage. # The installment shall be payable by the 8th day (in case of holiday the next working day) of every month. Advance payment of any number of installments  is acceptable. 8. CAMEL Rating of 48 Banks: The capital adequacy, Asset quality, Management standard, Earning and Liquidity rating (CAMEL) of all commercial banks on the basis of credit management performance till December 2007 have been rated by Bangladesh Bank (BB). It is mentionable that Dhaka Bank Ltd. got the top position in â€Å"A† class banks. CAMEL Rating:Analyzing the overall operational activities of all commercial and specialized banks; central bank, the regulatory authority of countryâ €™s banking sector has ranked 6 ‘A-class’, 27 ‘B-class’, 8 ‘C-class’,5 ‘D-class’ and 2 ‘E-class’ banks by the end of 2007, which was completed recently. A- Class Banks: 1. Dhaka Bank Ltd. 2. Shahjalal Islami Bank Ltd. 3. Commercial Bank of Ceylon. 4. Citibank N. A. 5. State Bank of India 6. Standard chartered Bank B – Class Banks: 1. Eastern Bank Ltd. 2. Premier Bank Ltd. 3. The Trust Bank Ltd. 4. BRAC Bank Ltd. 5. Southeast Bank Ltd. 6. NCC Bank Ltd. 7. One Bank Ltd. 8. Standard Bank Ltd. 9. Woori Bank 10. Bank Alfalah Ltd. 11. National Bank of Pakistan. 12. Dutch Bangla Bank Ltd. 13. Exim Bank Ltd. 14. Mutual Trust Bank Ltd. 15. Jamuna Bank Ltd. 16. Bank Asia 17. Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd. 18. Uttara Bank Ltd. 19.National Bank Ltd 20. The City Bank Ltd 21. Basic Bank Ltd. 22. Habib Bank Ltd. 23. HSBC 24. Pubali Bank Ltd. 25. Mercantile Bank Ltd. 26. Social Investment Bank Ltd. 27. Dhaka Bank. C- Class Ban ks: 1. First Security Bank Ltd. 2. UCBL 3. Al-Arafa Islami Bank 4. Bangladesh Shilpa Rin Sangstha 5. IFIC Bank Ltd. 6. AB Bank Ltd. 7. Agrani Bank Ltd. 8. Rupali Bank Ltd. D- Class Banks: 1. Sonali Bank Ltd. 2. Bangladesh Krishi Bank 3. Bangladesh Shilpa Bank 4. Janata Bank Ltd. 5. RAKUB E-Class Bank: 1. Bangladesh Commerce Bank Ltd. 2. Oriental Bank Ltd. 9. Recommendation After observing the operation procedure of DBL, I recommended the following: ATM:Dhaka Bank has few ATM booths in the Dhaka city, but these are not sufficient to give service to the customer’s . So Dhaka Bank has arranged an agreement with Dutch Bangla Bank limited so that the customers of the Dhaka Bank can use its booth. To give smooth service to the customers Dhaka Bank should increase its own ATM Booth. Branch: Dhaka Bank should open branches in the all district towns besides Dhaka & Chittagong city for expansion its business area. Interest Rate: Dhaka Bank should Increase interest rate on FDR and other deposit scheme. Islamic Banking Branch: Bangladesh is a Muslim majority country, so Dhaka Bank should increase their Islamic Banking Branch in Bangladesh. 10. ConclusionIn Halishahar branch I have been working for 3 months, by this time I have found some good strengths and opportunities, Dhaka Bank Halishahar Branch has a strong opportunity to achieve strong market in Halishahar area because it is situated in a appropriate and attractive place. In short time Halishahar Branch gathered 30 core deposits; this is a great achievement for Halishahar branch and also achieving healthy profit as a new branch. From my view, this branch has some Strength these are: ? Dhaka Bank has well reputation in the market. It is number one Private commercial Bank in Bangladesh. ? In Halishahar branch efficient management practice. ? Halishahar branch is Well-furnished and Air-conditioned Bank. Dhaka Bank’s Officers are highly educated. ? Dhaka Bank’s Executives are highly qualified and ex perienced. ? Credit Department of Halishahar branch is strong prospective department. ? Dhaka Bank gathered maximum market share in banking business. ? Dhaka Bank not engaged in unfair business practice. ? Dhaka Bank has many attractive deposit schemes. ? Dhaka Bank becomes more reliable to the all kind of people. References 1. Kenova, V. & Jonasson P. 2006. Quality Online Banking Service. Jonkoping university. 2. Pallent, Julie. 2007. SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis usingSPSS for Windows. England: McGraw. 3. Cooper, D. R. , & Schindler, P. S. (2003).Business research methods (9th Ed. ). Mc GrawHill. 4. Cooper and Schindler (2006) 5. Malhotra 2003 6. http://www. htm. uoguelph. ca, 7. â€Å"Marketing Professional Services† By Philip Kotler, Thomas Hayes, Paul Bloom. 8. Mr. Alan Lau, Head of Consumer Banking, Maybank Singapore 9. October 20011 Mr. Laksham Silva, CEO, DFCC Vardhana Bank (07/03/2012 ADRIANA REYNERI), (Tanbir Ahmed Chowdhury-2009). â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Deposit-slip depositing the cheque along with Crossing of the cheque are done indicating the Branch as collecting bank Entries are given in the Outward Clearing Register Endorsement â€Å"Payee’s A/C will be credited on realization† is given