Samples Reflective Essay Secrets That No One Else Knows About

Samples Reflective Essay Secrets That No One Else Knows About What You Should Do to Find Out About Samples Reflective Essay Before You're Left Behind To think of an excellent reflective essay, it's necessary for you to understand how to bring out a smooth flow of your work. A reflective paper is about relating a present situation with some previous events. It is essential to draft it into a manner you're able to debate properly and successfully. Consequently, it is going to become possible and simpler to complete demanding projects in the most effective method. Once you get a topic, start with an outline and attempt to include there all essential facts that you want to present in your upcoming work. As a consequence, papers seem to get no purpose or direction. Together with essential information regarding writing, you will find superior samples. Our samples with reference lists will help you locate the appropriate data in an ocean of sources. The Most Popular Samples Reflective Essay It is better to go through various sample essays since it improves your capacity to deal with distinctive topics without an issue. Don't be afraid to get in touch with us if you have questions. All you will need is to compose the body of your essay in your words and in strong connection to the thesis statement. Try to remember that you want an essential approach whenever you are seeking information for a reflective essay. A reflective essay could possibly be academic in the aspect a student could possibly be asked to compose a lesson learnt in class and reflect its application in actual life. Write down everything you could use as the framework of your upcoming essay. The next portion of your outline is perhaps the most crucial. Essay outline for college plays an important function. As my arguments grew stronger, I have begun structuring my papers to deal with the particular audience. There's no need to look for statistics on the subject or scientific articles to strengthen your argument. When choosing for a topic, make certain there is a good quantity of things which you can chat about with the topic. Just take a moment to decide why it is important to you, how it can influence your life. Samples Reflective Essay Let us assist you with some work so that it is possible to concentrate on other crucial problems. If you believe creating a potent message is sufficient, you're incorrect! Writin g is among the things that I used to hate the most. Choosing Good Samples Reflective Essay Essay outlines shows you that even if you're not an expert writer, you're still able to make a great essay. When you haven't ever written a reflective essay, you want to understand what it is and what it needs to be about. It's quite possible an illustration essay might assist you. Now, which you already understand what's a reflective essay you should figure out the way to compose a reflective essay. Essays are able to look very dull sometimes. Essay outline functions as a spine for writing essays. Nursing essay examples can enable you to understand how to compose a very good thesis statement. Informative essay examples may be used for references. Once you are all set to begin your paper, you have to create a reflective essay outline. An Introduction You must have a very good introduction at the commencement of your paper. Conclusion it's essentially an overview of the key points presented above. The 5-Minute Rule for Samples Reflective Essay The most essential part of your thesis statement is the subject of your paper. The main reason is it is a little challenging to write them as per the normal essay scheme. For this reason, you should choose the proper word choice to completely describe what you desire. When you own a list of the greatest transitional words, you're a step closer to the perfect essay. Writing any sort of paper demands patience, time, and superior skills. To make it simpler to understand the paper, let us imagine you've volunteered at one of the regional shelters. Before you commence writing your paper, you are in need of a very clear plan. Every essay paper has a particular format based on the instructions given by the examiner. Samples Reflective Essay Options If you need to earn reflection essay, at the beginning you have to select an intriguing topic to produce readers interested and involved in your part of work. Your readers will be intrigued by it, and you'll give them a fantastic reason to follow you get through the remaining part of the essay. Hence, you have a trusted supply of writing wisdom round-the-clock. Every writer that words for AnswerShark is a master in a specific area of science that's the reason why they can cover nearly any topic.

Philosophy - 933 Words

How to find the right investment for you Investment has become a hot topic in the Philippines lately due to the plethora of positive economic news: the recent Fitch credit upgrade, the stock market hitting high after high, and the real estate boom. It seems to make perfect sense to start putting your money to work, but how to choose the right investment? With so many financial instruments out there, its quite difficult to decide. So before sinking your hard-earned savings into any investment, take a few moments to consider these questions. What are you investing for? In the rush to make money, its easy to overlook this most basic of steps: thinking up a clear financial goal. Putting your money in any instrument without deciding†¦show more content†¦Clients pool their money and the fund managers invest them in a basket of bonds, stocks, and other cash instruments. You can have a choice between different mixtures of these funds depending on your risk appetite. Foreign Exchange. This means investing in currencies, making a profit with the rise and fall of that currencys value. Forex markets are usually more volatile than the stock market and carry considerable risk. One should take time to study forex trading before plunging into this market. Real Estate means buying and holding property (e.g. Land, condominiums, apartments, houses, lots) either for lease or to sell at a profit when the value goes up. A popular investment vehicle, real estate can be highly profitable but usually requires a large amount of capital to start with. Businesses. You can own a business, buy into a franchise, or be a silent partner in either. Your return depends entirely on how profitable the business is, so youd best be aware of how well the business is being run. There are many other things to invest in: derivatives, art, jewelry, precious metals, and so on. Ultimately, only you can decide what the best investment is for you. So pick a goal, do your due diligence, diversify, and hopefully—profit! Whats your preferred investment? Sound offShow MoreRelatedPhilosophy : Philosophy And Philosophy1292 Words   |  6 Pages As a student at Richland college, I have never studied philosophy before, and I have heard very bizarre claims about what philosophy is. For that reason, I wanted to take a philosophy class so I can learn more about it. Due to lack of knowledge, I used to think philosophy as involving a kind of mystical significant, sometimes resulting from observing problems without solutions. In addition, sometimes I accustomed that philosophy is nothing more than a name that does nothing more than feelingsRead MorePhilosophy : Philosophy And Philosophy1035 Words   |  5 Pages As a student in Richland college, I have never studied philosophy before, and I have heard very bizarre claims about what philosophy is. For that reason, I wanted to take a philosophy class so I can learn more about it. Due to lack of knowledge, I used to think philosophy as involving a kind of mystical significant, sometimes resulting from observing problems without solutions. In addition, sometimes I accustomed that philosophy is nothing more than a name that does nothing more than feelings ofRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Philosophy And Philosophy998 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophy is the attempt at answering or understanding the questions that the being who is philosophizing yearns to know or wishes to understand. The importance of what the philosopher wishes to know or understand is not a determinate factor in what it means to do philosophy. The act of doing philosophy is not defined by the subject of examination but by the driving passion of knowing and understanding. This means that an individual that wishes to know why a laptop is a laptop or why is it thatRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Philosophy And Philosophy1451 Words   |  6 Pages Philosophy is recognized by the questions being asked, and the methods used to answer them. These questions are usually the ones that are open-ended, abstract, or the ones that lead to controversial answers. Due to the openness in philosophy, the uncertainty, there is not just one viewpoint that is completely accepted by all to be true. This leads to many disputes and conversations that are ultimately driven by the core of philosophy, which is its latin translation, the love of wisdom. Now, theRead MorePhilosophy And Philosophy Of Philosophy Essay2033 Words   |  9 PagesWhat is philosophy? Philosophy could be defined in many ways, but I believe that the Oxford dictionary defines it best: â€Å"The study of the theoretical basis of a particular branch of knowledge or experience or a theory or attitude that acts as a guidi ng principle for behaviour†. That definition basically encapsulates the entirety of what we have discussed during the time that we have been in this course. It covers the basic ideals of both eastern and western philosophy quite eloquently over the spanRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Philosophy1122 Words   |  5 Pagesof whether philosophy from hundreds of years ago, are still relevant to today and the society of which we live? The answer, simply put is yes. It is still relevant because we still do question everything, we still wonder about topics that were discussed back then, and because philosophy is the basis of critical thinking, a quality that is still useful today. We often ask questions, which in turn led us to the discovery of the discipline of philosophy. The primary reason for philosophy is to gainRead MorePhilosophy And Its Importance Of Philosophy861 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophy and Its Importance Doing philosophy as many philosophers demonstrate over time and in the present is to simply question the understanding of what is known and not known or accepted and unaccepted. This is to say, that philosophers must question all aspects of life and all the surrounding dimensions of the world. In doing so, the philosopher is trying to grasp a firmer or different understanding of the truth that is either presently or not presently known; whether comforting or not comfortingRead MorePlato, Philosophy, And Philosophy929 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Plato is philosophy, and philosophy, Plato.† – Ralph Waldo Emerson. This was the first quote I read regarding Plato when I first picked up the Great Dialogues of Plato, and turned it over to read the back cover. This quote struck me for some unknown reason and I instantly couldn’t wait to begin reading the dialogues of Plato and begin to understand why he is regarded as one of the great philosophers. The first pi ece I read, was The Apology, spoken by the great philosopher Socrates and writtenRead MorePhilosophy And The Modern Philosophy2035 Words   |  9 PagesUpon talking about the history of modern philosophy, one of the most important philosophers, who is considered as the father of the philosophy in this period, is Descartes. He was a pioneer for the movement of the new trend of philosophy and became a break between the medieval philosophy and the modern philosophy. Being educated in the environment of medieval philosophy, specifically in the school of Jesuits, Descartes received the system of scholastic philosophy as his foundation for making a new startRead MorePhilosophy624 Words   |  3 PagesSurname Instructor Course Date Survey of Mexican Philosophical Thought The philosophy of the Mexicans is a production of philosophers from ancestries from Mexico, residing either within or outside the country. The general philosophy surfaced with the introduction of the first school by the Spanish conquerors, with teaching and publications on philosophical treaties. As such, it is critical to deny that these thinkers got education from the European schools, making it quite impossible

Building Constructive Relations in a Trucking Company

Question: Discuss about the Building Constructive Relations in a Trucking Company. Answer: Introductions Through the case study, the report aims at providing the implications and applications of various human resource management practices that can be applied in the workplace. The provided case study describes about the importance of HR management and the roles that the HR managers play in the realization of the overall goal of any given organization and the theories involved in the study of Human Resource Managements and practices. The report emphasizes on the efficiency of the workplace practices that were introduced by the new Manager in the Constructive relation at top trucking company (the case study). The learner will be able to understand the roles played by the yard manager, the challenges faced by the manager in the process of implementing his strategies. The aspect of change is clearly elaborated, the research illustrates that primarily, the workers fear change for different reasons such as fear of the unknown. Human resource management In the view of Schuler ad Jackson (1987) as referenced in Tan and Nasurdin (2011) Human resource practices is a system that develops, attracts, retains and motivates employees to get ensured about the survival of the members of the organization and organization as a whole. Human resource practices are a style that is used by organizations in resource allocation, managing human capital, and division of tasks. The union delegate that is George Psaros was the expert witness of the company transformation phase, and in offering of his support for the union workers and management of the organization. The company was well recognized although the working condition was affected by the manager who was said to be demanding, dominating and autocratic making the workplace unfavorable to the individuals working in the yard. According to Murthy (2012), HRM is an area of interest where employers and employees interest should coincide with an emphasis on organizational effectiveness. The company when it was operated under the old management had came across several challenges from the manager's attitude which was unwilling and usually commanding for accepting the fact that the divers were unwilling to adopt because of lack of participation of management and his efforts to bringing adaptation. The new manager was so determined and well motivated, he brought in several changes such as dress code, training of workers and equal participation by all the employees including the union`s delegate in the process of improving the workplace practices and performance of the yard. The HRM affect the productivity of any organization either positively or negatively depending on the attitude of the HR manager. Human Resource Management model There are four Human Resource Management models; the Harvard Framework, the Guest the Fombrun and finally the Warwick model (Management study HQ journal, n.d.). The company in the case study utilizes Harvard Framework to manage the workers who are the drivers in the organization. In the case study, the yard under new management mainly focuses on the workers (truck drivers) and introduces several workplace practices to create a productive environment. Coyle-Shapiro et al. (2013), states that in the Harvard Framework model, the line manager needs to accept more work on the basis of responsibilities so to comply with the synchronization of competitive strategy and individual policies. According to this model, the rules are designed for governing the development of activities of the management and its personal and also the implementation of the plans about the organization`s objectives. The employees are the most valuable stakeholders instead of the customers or shareholders; the Harvard Framework model creates the following human resource policies; recruitment of workers the selection, termination, employees appraisal, and promotions. The employee's influence is concerned with the delegation and responsibilities. Managing and Designing the workflow among the reward and people systems which can be practiced via motivating employee by rewarding as well as providing them recognition (Croft, 1995). Application of HRM model Shabnam (2010) illustrated that the important confrontation before the line manager who are workers which are unwilling and autocratic to give approval for the critique. The old management did not involve the employees in decision making; their views were not considered in the management o the yard. Appointed new line manager: The administration named the new manager who has all the information about the conflicts and previous behavior between the union and the old manager. He was open-minded and willing to listen to the innovative ideas from its workers on many occasions. Instead of blaming the workers he preferred to have an open discussion with the workers who were opposed for such change. He explored issues delegated and logical responsibilities for others according to the capabilities of them. Infrastructure change: In the given case study, the new manager was able to inject more capital in the infrastructure of company which is buying new trucks; this was considered as primary issue which was identified from the workers during their process of discussing in open manner with the new manager. The manager spends more capital in investing money in purchase of uniforms for the drivers and invested large funds in the setting new computer system in the yard`s warehouse although the changes were not acceptable but in future it was supported after realizing the advantages brought along (Holden, 2001). Training and development According to Gibb (2008), it was important to nurture the talents and enhance the skills of the workers in the company. The manager initiated a new process to offer training for both customer service segment as well as the drivers. Health and safet The manager has continuously putting his efforts to improve the safety and health of the workers. The management has also invested a huge amount of money in cleaning the yard for establishing clean working conditions for the workers at yard (Hyman, 1996). Sustaining risk of changes if the George or manager as the delegate of union moves on According to the Human Resource Department, going into a new organization or at a new level in the same organization with various demanding task is considered as an important task. Relocating either the Manager of George will result in the following risks: Incomplete task: if the manager is move there will be a risk of unfinished work that intended to create company`s benefit. Both are settled in the company and moving them may lead to change in the course of actions as planned by the organization (Richley, Lingham and Rezania, 2006). The insecurity sense: the change in the practices of manager who has still not understood completely the system would result into the creation of a feeling of insecurity in relation to the future growth as expected as well as for the regular working of the operational activities between the workers and the management (Chew, and Cheng, 2004). Lack of confidence: in case of a labor union the Union delegate has trust and high respect from the employees, if he is moved without proper communication there will be the rise of unresolved issues (Finegan,2000). Unbiased communication: the manager communicates straight, and a simple way and easy to everyone (Kamoche, 1996), moving him away will result in biased communication. Adaptability of workplace changes Blue Collar Union The blue collar union is also called as to be union of the workers, who are working as shop floor workers, drivers, and fire fighters among others. Greater union support is enjoyed by these workers as in comparison to the people who are engaged in service and private sector (Guest, 1994). The Blue collar workers are majorly paid on hour basis or on daily or on weekly basis, as it depends upon the working structure of their organization (White-Collar and Managerial Trade Unions, 2012). These are majorly focused with the union rather than focusing on the management of the organization for which they are working (Merrick, 2001; Barclay, 2001). They posses greater demand in the market, the reason behind this is their jobs requires more of labor and manual work rather than knowledge. These people are appointed and placed majorly for the production work; besides this they have minimal management interactions with the manager (MacDonald, 2015). The employees are categorized as professionals or skilled workers on their key experience and academic knowledge (Evans and Cowling, 1985). Professionals enjoy lesser union support, with different viewpoints and acceptability level in relation to the changes in workplace. Baker (2005) states that people working for public and private sectors are much closer to the managerial persons and their decision-making activities as compared to people who are associated with the union of transport workers. Besides this, people working in the service and public sector have more saying over decisions for policy making. Hence, the blue collar union workers has to adapt according to the workplace changes in a more accepting way as compare to workers which are engaged in the private sector or service sector (Klehe, 2004). Conclusion By analyzing the case study on building constructive relationship in top trucking company the model as of Harvard Framework is adopted for renovating the organization by introducing several changes in the workplace in the organization. Replacing the computer systems, training of all workers, uniforms, manager and increasing the focus on drivers, the dedication of the new manager and the union delegate have profoundly influenced the success of the company. Human resource management act as the backbone of the business operations, well-established HR will determine the possibilities of the firms` growth and poor HR management with no doubt will lead to failure of the company. Reference Baker, B. (2005) The Fight Goes On! : Global View,pp.24-35 Barclay, J. (2001) Improving selection interview with structure: Organizations` use of behavioral interviews, Personnel Review, vol. 30,no. 1,pp.81-101. Cheng, J. and Chew, L. (2004) the influence of Human Resource Management Practices on retention of Core Employees of Australian Organizations: AN Empricial Study, Murdock University, July Coyle-Shapiro, J., Hoque,K., Kessler, I., Pepper, A., Richardson, R. and Walker, L. (2013) Human Resource Management: the London School of Economics and Political Science. Crofts, P. (1995)A helping hand up the career ladder: people Management, September. Evans, A., and Cowling, A., (1985) Personnel`s part in organizational restructuring: Personnel Management, January, pp.14-17. Finegan, J.E. (2000) The impact of personal and organizational values of organizational commitment: Journal of organizational and occupational psychology, vol.73, no. 2, pp. 149-154. Gibb, S. (2008) Human resource development: practices and perspectives, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Guest, D. E. (1994) Organizational Psychology and Human Resource Management: towards a European approach, European Work and Organizational psychologist, vol.4 pp.251-270. Holden, L. (2001) Human Resource development: the organization and the national framework London: Pearson. Hyman, J. (1996) Training and development: the employer`s responsibility?, Oxford. Kamoche, K. (1996) Strategic human resource management within a resource capability view of the firm: journal of management studies, vol.2 no. 33, pp. 213-33. Klehe, U. (2004) Choosing how to choose: Institutional pressures affecting the adoption of personnel selection procedures: international Journal of selection and assessment, vol. 12, pp. 327-42. Lingham, T., Richley, B. and Rezinia, D. (2006) An evaluation for training programmes: a case study using a four approach, Career Development International. MacDonald, L. (2015) What is HR`s Roles in Maintaining Effective Working Relationship With Unions?, [Online], Available: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/hrs-role-mainataining-effective-working-relationships-unions-20468.html [30 March 2017]. Management Study HQ, (n.d.). Human Resource Management Models. [Online] Available: https://www.managementstudyhq.com/hrm-models.html [31 march 2017] Merrick, N. (2001) Welcome aboard: people management, May. Murthy, D. (2012). IJMT: Accountability of any personnel manager. [Online] available: https://www.ijmra.us/project%20doc/IJMT_SEPTEMBER2012/IJMRA-MT1386.pdf [31 March 2017] Shabnam(2010)Models of Human Resource Management (HRM), [Online], Available: https://www.ocl.ac/docs/PGD/EDSML/docs/10/UNIT%2010-%20SESSION-%203%20Models%20of20HRM.pdf [30 March 2017]. Tan, C. L. Nasurdin, A. M. (2011). Human resource management practice and organization Innovation: Assessing the mediating role of knowledge management effectiveness.[online]available:https://www.google.com/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=2cad=rjauact=8 ved=0ahUKEwjQgbWLrf7SAhWhDsAKHbssAX8QFgglMAEurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejkm.com%2Fissue%2Fdownload.html%3FidArticle%3D289usg=AFQjCNF8LDE-CiF7Q49d5ZeROjgkTqw_lQsig2=UavV-Hji166v5PCMrtcFJAbvm=bv.151325232,d.ZGg [31 March 2017] White-Collar and Managerial Trade Union (2012), [Online], Available: https://www.whatishumanresource.com/white-collar-and-managerial-trade-unions [31 March 2017].

Macbeth Themes Essays (1432 words) - Characters In Hamlet

Macbeth Themes Person's thoughts will differ from their actions, be it the fear of being the same or different from others, the consequences of their actions, or the opinions that others may form about them. People live their lives like drones, always conforming to the rules, afraid to brake away from the norm and do what they know or even feel to be the right thing to do simply because they might cause a ripple in the smooth little lake in which their boat is afloat. Within the Playwright Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, Hamlet suffers from such dilemma. Hamlet refuses to act on what he knows to be accurate, always reassuring himself of his lack of action. Hamlet also acts in a manner which some may wish to call lunacy. This is due to the loss in which he has suffered, as well as he is just pretending to fool the people who he is plotting against. Hamlet's father, King Hamlet, was the greatest king Denmark had ever seen. Respected and revered by all with the exception of his brother, Claudius. Claudius had envied his older brother since boyhood, the king living the life that Claudius had always wanted. A wife, a son, and a kingdom were all the holdings possessed by King Hamlet, holdings and possessions that Claudius would soon make his, by the killing of his brother. Though Hamlet feels that his mother's marriage to Claudius was to soon after the death of King Hamlet, he does not suspect Claudius killed king Hamlet until told of a sighting of a ghost by some guards while on watch. Hamlet tells Polonious that he will stand watch that night with them to see if they can see the ghost again. That night Hamlet stands watch with Polonious and the ghost appears before them. The ghost tells Hamlet that he is his father, and of how he was killed. Hamlet is told that while his father lay under the shade of a tree Claudius came to him and poured poison in his ear and caused his death instantaneously not allowing him time to repent of his sins, therefore condemning him to be trapped between the two paranormal worlds. The ghost then tells Hamlet to avenge his death. Though hamlet agrees to kill Claudius he does not kill him forthright. Hamlet hesitates and seems to invalidate every possible moment or opportunity that arises to take the life of Claudius. His reason for his hesitation is not known and one can only guess at what they may be. It could be that he doesn't believe the ghost. He could be afraid of hurting his mother by killing her second husband, or the fact that he is his uncle. What ever the reason is, he doses hesitate, and by doing so causes more pain and suffering for more people than if he would have killed Claudius forthright. The first example noted of such hesitation by Hamlet within the play if found within act three scene three where Hamlet contemplates the extermination of Claudius while he seems to be at prayer. " Now might I do it pat, now he's praying. And..." (P70-71) Within this paragraph Hamlet will eventually state that he cannot kill Claudius due to the fact that to kill him at prayer would only send him to heaven and not eternally damn him to the bowels of hell. Hamlet thinks that if he killed Claudius while he was at prayer and he was sent to heaven that it would be unfair to his father who is eternally trapped between the present and the afterlife. That is at least the reason that is given by Hamlet directly from the text. Though by the reading the entire book you will see a patter of actions and lack of actions that seem to signify that he only acts insane so to disorientate the other people within the story. Yet knowing that his father was murdered, who murdered him, and what Hamlet was asked to do to seek vengeance he feels that he has to constantly reassure himself of his lack of action was right so that he doesn't feel like he is failing his father. Hamlet is mad and plotting and or struggling with the question of what to do about the revenge seeking that he has sworn to tend to for his deceased father. The loss of a father has exiled him into a non-existent state to where neither present world nor the futures that will come are

Learn How to Read a Barometer

Learn How to Read a Barometer A  barometer  is a device that reads atmospheric pressure. It is used to predict the weather by tracking atmospheric pressure changes resulting from the presence and movement of warmer and colder weather systems. If you are using an analog barometer at home or a digital barometer on your cell phone or other electronic devices in the U.S., you may see the barometric reading reported in inches of mercury (inHg). The International System of Units (SI unit) used worldwide is Pascals (Pa, which is approximately equal to 3386.389 times inHg), and meteorologists use the unit millibars (mb, or 33,864 times inHg). Heres how you read a barometer and what those readings mean in terms of changes in air pressure and what weather is headed your way. Atmospheric Pressure The air that surrounds the Earth creates atmospheric pressure. When you go up into the mountains or fly high in an airplane, the air is thinner and the pressure is lower. The air pressure at sea level at a temperature of 59 F (15 C) is one atmosphere (Atm), and it is the baseline reading for determining your relative pressure. Air pressure is also known as barometric pressure and it is measured using a device called a barometer. A rising barometer is one that indicates increasing air pressure; a falling barometer indicates decreasing air pressure. How Air Pressure Changes Changes in air pressure are also caused by the difference in air temperature above the Earth. Air temperature of masses is affected by what they are above: an air mass above continental landmasses has a different temperature than that above an ocean. Those differences create wind and cause pressure systems  to develop. The wind moves those pressure systems, and they in turn change as they pass over mountains, oceans, and other areas. The French scientist and philosopher Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) discovered in the 17th century that air pressure decreases with height, and measuring air pressure changes at ground level at any one place can be related to daily weather changes. Often,  weather forecasters  refer to a storm or low-pressure area moving toward your region. As air rises, it cools and often condenses into clouds and precipitation. In high-pressure systems the air sinks toward the Earth and warms upward, leading to dry and fair weather. Changes in Barometric Pressure In general, the barometer can let you know if your immediate future will see clearing or stormy skies, or you are not likely to experience a change. When the air is dry, cool, and pleasant, the mercury or barometer reading rises.When it rises, it often means clear weather.When the air is warm and wet, the barometer reading falls.When the air pressure falls, it usually indicates some type of storm or wet weather is coming.If the barometer remains steady, there will be no immediate change in the weather. Predicting the Weather With the Barometer More specifically, a barometer with readings in inches of mercury (inHg) can be interpreted in this manner: If the reading is over 30.20 inHg (102268.9 Pa or 1022.689 mb): Rising or steady pressure means continued fair weather.Slowly falling pressure means fair weather.Rapidly falling pressure means cloudy and warmer conditions. If it falls between 29.80 and 30.20 (100914.4–102268.9 Pa or 1022.689–1009.144 mb): Rising or steady pressure means present conditions will continue.Slowly falling pressure means little change in the weather.Rapidly falling pressure means that rain is likely, or snow if it is cold enough. If the reading is under 29.80 (100914.4 Pa or 1009.144 mb): Rising or steady pressure indicates clearing and cooler weather.Slowly falling pressure indicates rainRapidly falling pressure indicates a storm is coming. Isobars on Weather Maps Weather researchers (called meteorologists) use a metric unit for pressure called a millibar and they define the average pressure of a given point at sea level and 59 F (15 C) as one atmosphere, or 1013.25 millibars. When a meteorologist points to a line on a weather map and refers to it as an isobar, she is referring to a line which connects points of equal atmospheric pressure. For example, a weather map will show a line connecting all points where the pressure is 996 mb (millibars) and a line below it where the pressure is 1000 mb. Points above the 1000 mb isobar have a lower pressure and points below that isobar have a higher pressure. That helps the meteorologist plot the coming changes in weather over the region.

French and Indian War - Campaigns of 1756-1757

French and Indian War - Campaigns of 1756-1757 Previous: French Indian War - Causes | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: 1758-1759: The Tide Turns Changes in Command In the wake of Major General Edward Braddocks death at the Battle of Monongahela in July 1755, command of British forces in North America passed to Governor William Shirley of Massachusetts. Unable to come to an accord with his commanders, he was replaced in January 1756, when the Duke of Newcastle, heading the British government, appointed Lord Loudoun to the post with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command. Changes were also afoot to the north where Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, Marquis de Saint-Veran arrived in May with a small contingent of reinforcements and orders to assume overall command of French forces. This appointment angered the Marquis de Vaudreuil, governor of New France (Canada), as he had designs on the post. In the winter of 1756, prior to Montcalms arrival, Vaudreuil ordered a series of successful raids against the British supply lines leading to Fort Oswego. These destroyed large quantities of supplies and hampered British plans for campaigning on Lake Ontario later that year. Arriving in Albany, NY in July, Abercrombie proved a highly cautious commander and refused to take action without Loudouns approval. This was countered by Montcalm who proved highly aggressive. Moving to Fort Carillon on Lake Champlain he feinted an advance south before shifting west to conduct an attack on Fort Oswego. Moving against the fort in mid-August, he compelled its surrender and effectively eliminated the British presence on Lake Ontario. Shifting Alliances While fighting raged in the colonies, Newcastle sought to avoid a general conflict in Europe. Due to changing national interests on the Continent, the systems of alliances that had been in place for decades began to decay as each country sought to safeguard their interests. While Newcastle wished fight a decisive colonial war against the French, he was hampered by the need to protect the Electorate of Hanover which had ties to the British royal family. In seeking a new ally to guarantee the safety of Hanover, he found a willing partner in Prussia. A former British adversary, Prussia wished to retain the lands (namely Silesia) it had gained during the War of the Austrian Succession. Concerned about the possibility of a large alliance against his nation, King Frederick II (the Great) began making overtures to London in May 1755. Subsequent negotiations led to the Convention of Westminster which was signed on January 15, 1756. Defensive in nature, this agreement called for Prussia to pr otect Hanover from the French in exchange for the British withholding aid from Austria in any conflict over Silesia. A long-time ally of Britain, Austria was angered by the Convention and stepped up talks with France. Though reluctant to join with Austria, Louis XV agreed to a defensive alliance in the wake of increasing hostilities with Britain. Signed on May 1, 1756, the Treaty of Versailles saw the two nations agree to provide aid and troops should one be attacked by a third party. In addition, Austria agreed not to aid Britain in any colonial conflicts. Operating on the fringe of these talks was Russia which was eager to contain Prussian expansionism while also improving their position in Poland. While not a signatory of the treaty, Empress Elizabeths government was sympathetic to the French and Austrians. War is Declared While Newcastle worked to limit the conflict, the French moved to expand it. Forming a large force at Toulon, the French fleet began an attack on British-held Minorca in April 1756. In an effort to relieve the garrison, the Royal Navy dispatched a force to the area under the command of Admiral John Byng. Beset by delays and with ships in ill-repair, Byng reached Minorca and clashed with a French fleet of equal size on May 20. Though the action was inconclusive, Byngs ships took substantial damage and in a resulting council of war his officers agreed that the fleet should return to Gibraltar. Under increasing pressure, the British garrison on Minorca surrendered on May 28. In a tragic turn of events, Byng was charged with not doing his utmost to relieve the island and after a court-martial was executed. In response to the attack on Minorca, Britain officially declared war on May 17, nearly two years after the first shots in North America. Frederick Moves As war between Britain and France was formalized, Frederick became increasingly concerned about France, Austria, and Russian moving against Prussia. Alerted that Austria and Russia were mobilizing, he did likewise. In a preemptive move, Fredericks highly disciplined forces began an invasion of Saxony on August 29 which was aligned with his enemies. Catching the Saxons by surprise, he cornered their small army at Pirna. Moving to aid the Saxons, an Austrian army under Marshal Maximilian von Browne marched towards the border. Advancing to meet the enemy, Frederick attacked Browne at the Battle of Lobositz on October 1. In heavy fighting, the Prussians were able to compel the Austrians to retreat (Map). Though the Austrians continued attempts to relieve the Saxons they were in vain and the forces at Pirna surrendered two weeks later. Though Frederick had intended the invasion of Saxony to serve as a warning to his adversaries, it only worked to further unite them. The military events of 1756 effectively eliminated the hope that a large-scale war could be avoided. Accepting this inevitability, both sides began re-working their defensive alliances into ones that were more offensive in nature. Though already allied in spirit, Russia officially joined with France and Austria on January 11, 1757, when it became the third signatory of the Treaty of Versailles. Previous: French Indian War - Causes | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: 1758-1759: The Tide Turns Previous: French Indian War - Causes | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: 1758-1759: The Tide Turns British Setbacks in North America Largely inactive in 1756, Lord Loudoun remained inert through the opening months of 1757. In April he received orders to mount an expedition against the French fortress city of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island. An important base for the French navy, the city also guarded the approaches to the Saint Lawrence River and the heartland of New France. Stripping troops from the New York frontier, he was able to assemble a strike force at Halifax by early July. While waiting for a Royal Navy squadron, Loudoun received intelligence that the French had massed 22 ships of the line and around 7,000 men at Louisbourg. Feeling that he lacked the numbers to defeat such a force, Loudoun abandoned the expedition and began returning his men to New York. While Loudoun was shifting men up and down the coast, the industrious Montcalm had moved to the offensive. Gathering around 8,000 regulars, militia, and Native American warriors, he pushed south across Lake George with the goal of taking Fort William Henry. Held by Lieutenant Colonel Henry Munro and 2,200 men, the fort possessed 17 guns. By August 3, Montcalm had surrounded the fort and laid siege. Though Munro requested aid from Fort Edward to the south it was not forthcoming as the commander there believed the French had around 12,000 men. Under heavy pressure, Munro was forced to surrender on August 9. Though Munros garrison was paroled and guaranteed safe conduct to Fort Edward, they were attacked by Montcalms Native Americans as they departed with over 100 men, women, and children killed. The defeat eliminated the British presence on Lake George. Defeat in Hanover With Fredericks incursion into Saxony the Treaty of Versailles was activated and the French began making preparations to strike Hanover and western Prussia. Informing the British of French intentions, Frederick estimated that the enemy would attack with around 50,000 men. Facing recruitment issues and war aims that called for a colonies-first approach, London did not wish to deploy large numbers of men to the Continent. As a result, Frederick suggested that the Hanoverian and Hessian forces that had been summoned to Britain earlier in the conflict be returned and augmented by Prussian and other German troops. This plan for an Army of Observation was agreed to and effectively saw the British pay for an army to defend Hanover that included no British soldiers. On March 30, 1757, the Duke of Cumberland, son of King George II, was assigned to lead the allied army. Opposing Cumberland were around 100,000 men under the direction of the Duc dEstrà ©es. In early April the French crossed the Rhine and pushed towards Wesel. As the dEstrà ©es moved, the French, Austrians, and Russians formalized the Second Treaty of Versailles which was an offensive agreement designed to crush Prussia. Outnumbered, Cumberland continued to fall back until early June when he attempted a stand at Brackwede. Flanked out of this position, the Army of Observation was compelled to retreat. Turning, Cumberland next assumed a strong defensive position at Hastenbeck. On July 26, the French attacked and after an intense, confused battle both sides withdrew. Having ceded most of Hanover in the course of the campaign, Cumberland felt compelled to enter into the Convention of Klosterzeven which de-mobilized his army and withdrew Hanover from the war (Map). This agreement proved highly unpopular with Frederick as it greatly weakened his western frontier. The defeat and convention effectively ended Cumberlands military career. In an effort to draw French troops away from the front, the Royal Navy planned attacks on the French coast. Assembling troops on the Isle of Wight, an attempt was made to raid Rochefort in September. While the Isle dAix was captured, word of French reinforcements in Rochefort led to the attack being abandoned. Frederick in Bohemia Having won a victory in Saxony the year before, Frederick looked to invade Bohemia in 1757 with the goal of crushing the Austrian army. Crossing the border with 116,000 men divided into four forces, Frederick drove on Prague where he met the Austrians who were commanded by Browne and Prince Charles of Lorraine. In a hard fought engagement, the Prussians drove the Austrians from the field and forced many to flee into the city. Having won in the field, Frederick laid siege to the city on May 29. In an effort to recover the situation, a new Austrian 30,000-man force led by Marshal Leopold von Daun was assembled to the east. Dispatching the Duke of Bevern to deal with Daun, Frederick soon followed with additional men. Meeting near Kolin on June 18, Daun defeated Frederick forcing the Prussians to abandon the siege of Prague and depart Bohemia (Map). Previous: French Indian War - Causes | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: 1758-1759: The Tide Turns Previous: French Indian War - Causes | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: 1758-1759: The Tide Turns Prussia Under Pressure Later that summer, Russian forces began to enter the fray. Receiving permission from the King of Poland, who was also the Elector of Saxony, the Russians were able to march across Poland to strike at the province of East Prussia. Advancing on a broad front, Field Marshal Stephen F. Apraksins 55,000-man army drove back Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt smaller 32,000-man force. As the Russian moved against the provincial capital of Kà ¶nigsberg, Lehwaldt launched an attack intended to strike the enemy on the march. In the resulting Battle of Gross-Jgersdorf on August 30, the Prussians were defeated and forced to retreat west into Pomerania. Despite occupying East Prussia, the Russians withdrew to Poland in October, a move which led to Apraksins removal. Having been ousted from Bohemia, Frederick was next required to meet a French threat from the west. Advancing with 42,000 men, Charles, Prince of Soubise, attacked into Brandenburg with a mixed French and German army. Leaving 30,000 men to protect Silesia, Frederick raced west with 22,000 men. On November 5, the two armies met at the Battle of Rossbach which saw Frederick win a decisive victory. In the fighting, the allied army lost around 10,000 men, while Prussian losses totaled 548 (Map). While Frederick was dealing with Soubise, Austrian forces began invading Silesia and defeated a Prussian army near Breslau. Utilizing interior lines, Frederick shifted 30,000 men east to confront the Austrians under Charles at Leuthen on December 5. Though outnumbered 2-to-1, Frederick was able to move around the Austrian right flank and, using a tactic known as oblique order, shattered the Austrian army. The Battle of Leuthen is generally considered Fredericks masterpiece and saw his army inflict losses totaling around 22,000 while only sustaining approximately 6,400. Having dealt with the major threats facing Prussia, Frederick returned north and defeated an incursion by the Swedes. In the process, Prussian troops occupied most of Swedish Pomerania. While the initiative rested with Frederick, the years battles had badly bled his armies and he needed to rest and refit. Faraway Fighting While fighting raged in Europe and North America it also spilled over to the more faraway outposts of the British and French Empires making the conflict the worlds first global war. In India, the two nations trading interests were represented by the French and English East India Companies. In asserting their power, both organizations built their own military forces and recruited additional sepoy units. In 1756, fighting began in Bengal after both sides began reinforcing their trading stations. This angered the local Nawab, Siraj-ud-Duala, who ordered military preparations to cease. The British refused and in a short time the Nawabs forces had seized the English East India Companys stations, including Calcutta. After taking Fort William in Calcutta, a large number of British prisoners were herded into a tiny prison. Dubbed the Black Hole of Calcutta, many died from heat exhaustion and being smothered. The English East India Company moved quickly to regain its position in Bengal and dispatched forces under Robert Clive from Madras. Carried by four ships of line commanded by Vice Admiral Charles Watson, Clives force re-took Calcutta and attacked Hooghly. After a brief battle with the Nawabs army on February 4, Clive was able to conclude a treaty which saw all British property returned. Concerned about growing British power in Bengal, the Nawab began corresponding with the French. At this same time, the badly outnumbered Clive began making deals with the Nawabs officers to overthrow him. On June 23, Clive moved to attack the Nawabs army which was now backed by French artillery. Meeting at the Battle of Plassey, Clive won a stunning victory when the conspirators forces remained out of the battle. The victory eliminated French influence in Bengal and the fighting shifted south. Previous: French Indian War - Causes | French Indian War/Seven Years War: Overview | Next: 1758-1759: The Tide Turns

The Impact of Apple's Branding Strategies on Customer Satisfaction and Essay

The Impact of Apple's Branding Strategies on Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty - Essay Example The paper analyzed the concept of branding by examining its models and the impact of branding strategies on customer satisfaction. Primary data was collected by conducting questionnaire research with Apple's customers. A total of 100 questionnaires were carried out with Apple's customers. The conclusions of this study are that Apple's brandings strategies play an important role in customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. Apple's branding strategies have a positive impact on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. It is Apple's branding strategies that have contributed to generating value for customers, generating trust amongst customers and developing strong relationships between Apple and its customers. Apple's branding strategies have narrowed the gap between Apple and its customers. They have helped in improving the performance of the company. They have helped in generating positive attitudes about Apple's products amongst its customers. This study seeks to critically analy ze the branding strategies of the company Apple. Apple has been selected as it is a leading global telecommunications company whose branding strategies have been successful in getting the right message across to customers. Apple designs, manufactures and markets mobile communication and media devices, personal computers, and portable digital music players, and sells a variety of related software, services, peripherals, networking solutions, and third-party digital content and applications. In 2014, Apple's market share was 20.4% in the global smartphone market. Apple was the market leader. It left behind its competitors, Samsung who had a market share of 19.9%, Lenovo whose market share was 6.6%. Apples competitors are Dell Inc., Fujitsu Limited, Hewlett-Packard Company, International Business Machines Corporation, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Sony Corporation, Toshiba Corporation, Research In Motion Limited, Microsoft Corporation, Acer Inc, LG Electronics, Inc., Google Inc, Merch ant Customer Exchange LLC, Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd, Xiaomi Inc.

Using social media to manage personal knowledge and learning within a Case Study

Using social media to manage personal knowledge and learning within a Postgraduate Learning context - Case Study Example I am taking part in a Postgraduate Learning program in a business school in the North London area. Personal knowledge and learning scopes of this program will be developed through different means of social media. I will be able to gain the insight of Personal Knowledge Management or PKM, Knowledge Management or KM and different learning theories. Personal Knowledge Management is mainly a process that enhances the possibility of gaining more knowledge and managing the development of learning and knowledge (Cope and Kalantzis 332). I think that PKM will create contemporary knowledge among the students. According to my experience, social media policy of the higher education institutions is quite feasible in personal knowledge management. Knowledge management policies are highly adopted by the companies and educational institutions. I observed that knowledge of the teachers and experienced people are disseminated among the new recruits or the learners with a sound communication system (Costello 634). Knowledge management process is adopting innovative approach for the learners. I observed that KM process in the post graduation learning institutes helps in recognising the scope of education. Being one of the members of the post graduation learning institutions, I am able to evaluate various courses provided in the institutions.

Abortion Essay Example for Free

Abortion Essay The moral debate about abortion has focused on either the rights of the fetus or the rights of the mother. If the fetus has rights then abortion is immoral and not permissible. If the fetus does not have rights, then abortion is morally acceptable and permissible. If both the mother and the fetus have rights, then either the rights of the fetus have priority, or those of the mother have priority. If that didn’t complicate matters enough, we have those who argue that some fetuses have moral rights while others do not, making abortion sometimes morally permissible and sometimes morally impermissible. The purpose of this essay; to argue that abortion is either always morally permissible or it is always morally impermissible, it cannot be both at the same time. There are two main arguments concerning the morality of abortion. One relates to the moral status of the fetus – whatever that may be, and the other relates to the woman’s right to choose what happens to her body. The moral status of the fetus seems to determine whether or not it has a right to life. On the other hand, the woman’s right to choose raises concerns about whether or not abortion is always justified. Some arguments surrounding the abortion debate focus on the permissibility or impermissibility of abortion based on how the fetus was conceived – mainly rape. Pregnancies as the result of rape seem The main focus should be women who are unwillingly pregnant, because generally speaking they are the ones seeking abortions. There are rare exceptions, such as a woman who is willingly pregnant, but aborts the pregnancy because it is putting her own life at risk, but that is an entirely different argument and will not be discussed here. Instead, we will focus on unwanted pregnancies that are not endangering the life of the woman and how the moral permissibility of aborting these unwanted pregnancies should not rest on how the fetus was conceived.

Witchcraft and the Town of Groton in 1671 Essay -- History Historical

Elizabeth Knapp sat perched on a small three- legged stool in front of a roaring fire in the hall of her family's home as the last late October light faded through the yellowish oilpaper windows. The wind had already picked up a taste of the winter bite that the early Massachusetts Bay colonists had grown to despise, and tonight it whipped down the chimney of the eight foot wide fireplace with a shrill, devilish whistle, causing the shadows projected by the bayberry wax candles to shimmy and waver against the rough hewn rafters. Elizabeth drew her red knit hood tighter down over her head and huddled towards the hearth. Her mother, also named Elizabeth, watched her from farther back in darkness of the hall, where she was mending a pair of breeches. By December, she knew, the wind whipping down the chimney could cause the sap emerging from the burning logs to freeze solid. The temperatures would make many a grown man in town wish to curl up and sleep away the winter until rising temperatures and longer days made Groton, just hewn from the Massachusetts wilderness a few decades ago, hospitable once again. Despite the gathering winter she felt relieved to see that her sixteen- year old daughter, now her only child after the early death of her son James, was acting normal again. For the past fortnight the younger Elizabeth had been carrying herself in a strange manner. While walking along normally she would sometimes cry out. Last week she had shrieked at extremely inappropriate time in Sunday dinner and that day in church she had been overcome with irreverent laughter. She was always quick to offer a reasonable excuse to spare the swift punishment usually dispensed to children at the time, but the extravagance and immodes... ...essen the symptoms. Bearers invariably die 10 to 25 years after the onset. Chorics have been dubbed everything for saints (the Catholic church recognizes four) to witches since the sixteenth century. References: Butler, Caleb. History of the Town of Groton. Boston, 1848. Dow, George F. Everyday life in the Massachussetts Bay Colony, Soc. for Preservation of N.E. Antiques, 1935. Earle, Allice M. Customs and fashions in old New England. Scribner and Son, New York 1893. Greene, Samuel A., Groton in the Witchcraft Times, University Press, Cambridge, MA 1883, 29pp. Greene, Samuel A., ed. Early Records of the Town of Groton 1662- 1707, University Press, Cambridge, MA 1883, 186pp. May, Virginia, Groton Houses. Groton Historical Society, 1978. Okun, Michael S., The history of adult onset Chorea, at www.medinfo.ufl.edu/histmed/okun/slide1.html

Flooding in South Africa

Assignment GEO 234 D Sonnekus 2011042526 Flooding In South-Africa A Deeper Insight to What Happens Around Us [pic] Photo: Ivan Sonnekus 2012 Index Page Number 1. Introduction3 2. The Nature Of Flooding3 3. The Main Causes Of Flooding In South-Africa4 4. The Effect Of Development On Flood Hazards in SA5 5. The Effect Of The Economic Status Of People – Regarding Flood Hazards6 6. Conclusion7 7. Bibliography8 1. IntroductionFloods play a major role in our everyday lives, and how we react to the daily changing climate is of course our way of surviving our planetary conditions. Floods determine our building styles and play a very large role in the economy by means of devastating destruction and environmental engineer specialists in terms of flood prevention. The hydrological definition for a flood states that a flood is a rise in water level in a stream to a peak point where after the water level will recede at a slower rate (UNESCO-WMO 1974).  Control Key and Word – Text and Graphics.A flood event can be described as a flow of water in a stream constituting a distinct progressive rise, culminating into a crest, together with the recession that follows the crest (Linsley, 1942). In this Assignment I will be explaining some key features about flooding regarding a South-African point of view. 2. The Nature of Flooding. Floods can be broken down into different classes or divisions between different types of floods in this section I will explain the main flood types and their nature.Floods can be divided between major floods, minor floods and flash floods. Major Floods: In the event of a major flood the flooding is caused by the overflowing of rivers and dams by means of breaks in dikes, levees, dam walls and other protective structures; by uncontrollable releases of impounded water in reservoirs and by the accumulation of excessive runoff. In the case of a major flood the floodwaters will cover a wide spread contiguous area and will spread rapidly to ad joining areas of relatively lower elevations.The flooding will be deep in most parts of the total flooded area and there is a highly perceptible current as the flood spreads to a greater extent. [pic] Minor Floods: In the cause of a minor flood the inundation may or may not be due to overbanking. If there is no bank overflow, flooding happens due to the accumulation of excessive surface run-off in lower lying flat areas. In these cases flooding will mostly be restricted to flood plains along a river channel or low-lying areas or terrain depressions around the direct source of the flood.The flood water will be shallow and there may not be a perceptible flow apparent or present. Flash Floods: Flash floods is as the name states a flood that happens relatively quick, normally no more than 6 hours to a normal flooding time of 12 to 24 hours or longer. Flash floods is the result of a short concentration time of the drainage catchment or a steep river slope, this means that the precipitati on falling on a point in the catchment farthest from the river takes a very short time to reach the river itself and become a part of the stream flow.Thus the amount of flow will rapidly increase and the water level will rise, when the capasity of the river/stream is exceeded the channel overflows and the result is a flash flood. [pic] 3. The Main Causes of Flooding in SA. South Africa was subject to some intense floods over the last couple of years mainly as the result of cloud breaks and very heavy precipitation in very short time periods which leads to flooding of most small streams and rivers, what then leads to the larger rivers to flood.South Africa is also a victim of the Southern Oscillation which leads to El-Nino: dry conditions with high surface pressure and; La-Nina: low air surface pressure accompanied by cold and wet weather. See next page for simple diagram illustration [pic] As a result of the Earth surface temperature to keep on rising due to the greenhouse effect th e results being a more and more drastically changing macro climate which in turn leads to more rain and eventually will lead Earth into another Ice-Age but that is a topic for another day.The heavy rains on a constant basis keeps the rivers and dams full up to their limits so in the event of a heavy cloud break the already full rivers and dams cannot enclose all the extra water and all that water needs to go somewhere thus leading to floods, in most cases in South-Africa the floods will be flash floods. But there is also the chance of major floods in the form of a dam overflowing and then breaking the wall or even minor floods like in the December of 2012 the Ncandu River flowing through Newcastle KZN overreaches its banks and fills the Trim park with water at least 1-2 feet deep as the trim park is adjacent to the rivers. . The Effect of Development on Flood Hazards in SA Right around the world the population keeps growing at an alarming rate as the birth to mortality rate is not b alanced which leads to a world population always wanting and needing to expand city and/or town borders. In this case the chances are very good that eventually there will be building developments inside flood plains or lower laying terrain in the proximity of a dam or large volume of water.Thus the engineers of the modern world in developing countries like for instance South-Africa need to come up with new initiatives to improve building techniques to overcome the obstacle of flooding as the floods can be the cause of havoc among the inhabitants of developments within flood plains or beneath the flood level, and also cause a lot of structural and esthetic damage to a city or town. The MooiRivier Mall in Potchefstroom is a classic example of development within a flood hazard. The mall has been constructed on stilt type of tructures that allows the river to flow through underneath the mall but the engineers along with environmental specialists sought to come up with a few ingenious pl ans to prepare for floods of High hazard (1 in 20 years), medium flood hazards (1in 50 years) and low flood hazard (1 in 100 years) by means of designing a drop away wall where if a certain amount of water flows into a catchment a buoy lifts up and triggers a release on the wall which allows for the brick wall to fall down and allow water to flow into an drainage water way down to the central collection point at the bottom most point of the parking lot back into a stream (the release mechanism works on the same principal as a toilet bowls' float valve). The parking lot has also been designed on a slope (no flat parking) to act as a funnel leading water away from the mall or danger zone and down into a sub stream or channel. The Mall had a few good tests in the last 5 years of its existence and the engineers and environmental specialists did a good job to overcome the developing in a flood hazard obstacle (Jan-Albert Wessels. IAIA North-West, 2012. ) [pic] Picture: (Viljoen, MF. The Application of flood lines in land use controll. 2009) 5. The Effect of The Economic Status of People Regarding Flood Hazards.Flooding can and have caused a lot of damage in the past and will continue to do so as the macro climate will keep changing in favor of floods so all we can to do is to prepare ourselves and adapt to the changes of climate, floods cost the head of states and countries a great deal of money to develop in flood plains as well as being prepared to deal with any floods and the cleaning up there after. But it is not just the people on top that lose money, the people who actually live in the house that gets swept away or drive the car that rolls over or submerges, it is them that lead the most damage to their financial stance in life and 80% of the time it will be people from informal settlements or rural areas that lead the damage as they do not follow proper procedure to build their houses and then they build in areas of a high flood risk without them even knowin g.Thus the counties management somehow needs to get it under control as they have tried to do the in the past and actually still trying to do with regard to the housing subsidiary they offer to people of South-Africa. 6. Conclusion My conclusion regarding floods in South-Africa is that our main floods are flash floods that happen as result of heavy rains from the La-Nina time period of the Southern Oscillation, we as the people of our country need to stand together to make a difference in preventing people to build in dangerous high flood risk areas and also need to convince the children of today in developing countries to come up with fresh and new ideas to overcome development issues in flood risk areas. A countries economic development also greatly depends on its readiness for fighting disaster situations and keeping a disaster under control.A country like South-Africa can suffer great losses financially as result of floods that could have been prevented by means of making use of the right infrastructure on the key areas in developed areas as well as developing areas. Flooding is a natural occurrence and will never be fully under control but the minds of today can shape the ideas of tomorrow with that I leave my mark on the topic of flooding in South-Africa. [pic] 7. Bibliography †¢ Anonymous. 2012. Causes and types of floods. [Web: http://kidlat. pagasa. dost. gov. ph/genmet/floods/cause_types. html]. [Accessed: 14 March 2013] †¢ Department: provincial and local Government. 2009. National Disaster management centre. Flood awareness. PDF 5p. [Accessed: 15 March 2013] †¢ Anonymous. 2011.La Nina Influenced Flooding in South Africa. AccuWeather. [web: http://www. accuweather. com/en/weather-news/la-nina-influenced-flooding-in/44853]. [Accessed: 13 March 2013] †¢ SAPA. 2013. Floods Cause havoc across South Africa. Mail ; Guardian, Africa's best read. [web: http://mg. co. za/article/2013-01-20-floods-cause-havoc-across-south-africa]. [Accesse d: 15 March 2013] †¢ Anonymous. 2013. Definition and nature of flood. [web: http://kidlat. pagasa. dost. gov. ph/genmet/floods/def_nature. html]. [Accessed: 15 March 2013] †¢ SSC. 2011. The nature of flooding. Sunshine coast council, Queensland. [web: http://www. sunshinecoast. qld. gov. au/sitePage. cfm? code=flooding-nature]. Accessed: 13 March 2013] †¢ Department: Provincial and Local Government, Prof Viljoen. MF, Swiegers. C. 2009. The application of flood lines in land use control. Disaster reduction conference. [web: http://conferences. ufs. ac. za/dl/userfiles/Documents/00000/134_eng. pdf]. [Accessed: 14 March 2013] †¢ Times Live. (2011, February 2). [web: Urgent flood warning along Orange River. ] [Accessed February 14, 2011]. †¢ United Nations Integrated Regional Information Networks. (2011, February 10). Southern Africa: Risk of food insecurity in wake of floods. IRIN News. [Accessed February 14, 2011. ] †¢ Anonymous. 2011. Floods in South Afr ica. Earth Observatory, NASA. [web: Flooding in South Africa FLOODING IN SOUTH AFRICA INTRODUCTION The aim of this assignment is to give background information about flooding in South Africa. These would be carried out through the means of research on journal entries, web research and different literatures. The nature of flooding, the main causes of flooding, the effect of development of flooding hazards and the effect of the economic status of people regarding flooding hazards will be taken into consideration. Definition of key terms Flooding An overflow of water onto normally dry land.The inundation of a normally dry area caused by rising water in an existing waterway, such as a river, stream, or drainage ditch. Pounding of water at or near the point where the rain fell. Flooding is a longer term event than flash flooding: it may last days or weeks (MRX webmaster, 2010). Flash flooding Flooding whereby it takes a very short period of time to form. In most cases flash floods few form and take place Nature of floods There are few places on Ear th where people need not be concerned about flooding due to their location.Rain is not the only impetus for flood even a broken dam wall can be the stimuli of a flood. A flood occurs when water overflows or inundates land that's normally dry. This can happen in a multitude of ways. Most common floods are when rivers or streams overflow their banks. Excessive rain, a ruptured dam or levee, rapid ice melting in the mountains, or even an unfortunately placed beaver dam can overwhelm a river and send it spreading over the adjacent land, called a floodplain. Coastal flooding occurs when a large storm or tsunami causes the sea to surge inland (National Geographic Society, 2011).Most floods take hours or days to develop, giving residents enough time to prepare or evacuate. Others happen quickly and with little warning. These flash floods can be extremely dangerous and cause major damage to the landscape and the habitants of such an area. Disaster specialists have various ways of classifyin g floods according to their likelihood of occurring and the intensity of the flood. A hundred-year flood, for example, is an extremely large, destructive event that would theoretically be expected to happen only once every century.But this is a theoretical number. In reality, this classification means there is a one-percent chance that such a flood could happen in any given year. Over recent decades, possibly due to global climate change, hundred-year floods have been occurring worldwide with frightening regularity (National Geographic Society, 2011) MAIN CAUSES OF FLOODING IN SOUTH AFRICA South Africa has been experiencing above average rainfall since December 2010 that has caused devastation on a scale the country has not seen in many years .This unusual weather pattern is caused by the La Nina effect, and the resulting floods have caused unprecedented disruption of services, displacement of people, loss of livelihoods and even worse, loss of life . it is reported that over 20, 00 0 people have been affected by floods and an estimated 40 people have died. A national state of disaster has been declared in 28 district municipalities in 7 provinces, with more affected areas being reported THE EFFECT OF DEVELOPMENT ON FLOOD HAZARDS IN SOUTH AFRICA. Floods caused havoc across South Africa .Heavy rain in a short period of time in the part of South Africa, caused more than hundreds of people to be homeless by heavy flooding. Floods caused many to seek refuge on rooftops and on trees. This catastrophe killed more than hundreds of people causing the death toll to rise. Recently these floods caused evacuation of the Kruger National, a game reserve in Northern South Africa. Floods also covered some farmlands and crops were killed as a result forcing farms to close. Most of the roads, dams and large buildings were damaged. Due to flooding some mines were forced to close, this the case of a coal mines in Limpopo. THE EFFECT OF THE ECONOMIC STATUS OF PEOPLE REGARDING FLOOD HAZARDS. Floods frequently causes major infrastructure damage of roads, railway lines, electricity supply systems, water supply and sewage disposal systems. Bribges over rivers are particularly exposed to damage and disruption of transportation systems follows. The economic effects of flooding are often greater than the flood itself. (Parker 2000) According to Parker (2000) because floods frequently destroy crops and livestock, food shortages are not uncommon in the aftermath.Floods may affect food availability in a number of ways. Food stocks may be damaged if storage areas are flooded. Serious flooding usually disrupts transportation of food deficit areas, particularly in towns, which are cut off from supply sources and have inadequate food stock. Impacts of flooding may hinder the economic growth and development that is the high cost of relief and recovery may adversely impact investment in infrastructure and other development activities in the area and in certain cases may crip ple the frail economy of the of the region.Recurrent flooding in a region may discourage long-term investments by the government and private sector alike. Lack of livehoods, combined with migration of skilled labour and inflation may have a negative impact on a region’s economic growth. Loss of resource can lead to high costs of goods and services, delaying its development programmes. (Drep operation international federation of Red Cross and crescent societies). Figure 2 three kid were during floods in Limpopo CONCLUSIONAs discussed under various perspectives, it is clear from the assignment that floods had adverse impact on the socio-economic status of livehoods for people in South Africa more especially the residents of Limpopo. It is also evident that there are varying underlying causes of floods i South Africa. Places near the flood event are the most susceptible to the dangers of the floods. Proximity of these places and poverty were identified as being the main cause of vulnerability of people REFERENCES Drep Operation International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Society, 1.February. 2011. MRX webmaster, 2010. National Weather Services. [Online] Available at: http://www. srh. noaa. gov/mrx/hydro/flooddef. php [Accessed 13 March 2013]. National Geographic Society, 2011. Natural Disasters: floods profile. [Online] Available at: http://environment. nationalgeographic. com/environment/natural-disasters/floods-profile/ [Accessed 12 March 2013]. Parker, J. D2000. floods. Tangler and Francis, National Academy Press, Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre, Thailand. SAPA. 2013. Floods causes havoc across South Africa, Mail and Guardian, 20 January 2013.

Basic Accounting Assignment Essay

Generally Accepted   Principles, Balance sheet, Accounts receivable, Income statement, Debt, Liability, Double-entry bookkeeping system, Accounts payable 1- Explain the collecting, recording, classifying, summarizing, analyzing and reporting process of accounting. – Collecting:- Data obtained from various sources with the help of appropriate measures is called collection of data. – Recording:- Arranging the data into its chronological form is called recording of data. – Classifying:- Division of data according to nature of events is called classification of data. – Ledger is used for classifying transactions – Posting is the process of transferring transactions from journal to ledger. Summarizing:- This involves presenting the classified data in a manner which is understandable and useful to the management and other interested parties. Follow statements are prepared:- – Income statement – Balance Sheet – Cash flow statement – Analyzing:- The comparison of data in a business is called analyzing of data. For example, analyzing of present data with past data, or actual data w ith projected data. – Reporting:- Forwarding the results to financial users like chairman, directors, managers etc. is called reporting of data. – Discuss in detail the nature of accounts i. e. assets, expenses, liabilities, revenues and capital by giving examples. – Assets:- The resources of a business are called assets. They are of two types:- – Fixed Assets: Land, Building, Equipment, Vehicle etc. – Current Assets: Cash, cash at bank, A/c receivable, debtors, prepaid expenses. – Expenses:- The amount spent in a business with a view to gain profit in the future is called expense. Examples are rent expenses, salaries expenses, advertisement expenses etc. – Liabilities:- The financial responsibilities of the business for which it is liable are called liabilities. They are divided into two types:- – Fixed Liabilities (Bank Loan, Bonds Payable, Mortgage Payable. ) – Current Liabilities (Notes Payable, Unearned Income, Creditors. ) – Capital:- The amount of money invested by the owner in the business is called capital. – Revenue:- The incomes and the profits earned in the business through selling are called revenues. For example, Sales, Service revenue, Interest, commission earned. – Drawings:- The amount of money taken away by the proprietor for personal benefits is called Drawings. 3- Describe the accounting rule of debit and credit for accounts like assets, expenses, liabilities, revenues and capital. – Assets – Increase in Asset is debit. – Decrease in Asset is credit. – Liabilities – Increase in liabilities is credit. – Decrease in liabilities is debit. – Revenues – Increase in revenues is credit. – Decrease in revenues is debit. – Expenses – Increase in expense is debit. – Decrease in expense is credit. – Capital – Increase in capital is credit. – Decrease in capital is debit. – Select any twenty categories from the above and identify a transaction that will have the required effect on the business. 1- Purchased Goods on credit 25,000. 2- Gave services for cash 5,000. 3- Brought cash in business 65,000. 4- Adjusting entry of out standing salaries 9000. 5- Wa ges wrongly debited to Sales 400. 6- Salaries wrongly debited to Drawings 600. 7- Paid to accounts payable in cash 1500. 8- Goods returned by customer worth 650. 9- Withdrew cash for personal use 550

The Suez Canal essays

The Suez Canal essays Throughout the course of history, there was always an interest for a waterway that connected the Mediterranean and Red Seas. The idea remained up in the air until a man by the name of Ferdinand De Lesseps took control and set it into action. Lesseps was a man who desired progress. He proved to be a powerful regulator and did not stop for anything that got in his way. His yearn for the Suez project was a direct result of his inadequate life style. At the age of forty, he was unemployed, had no salary, and left with a small sum of money from his family. Lesseps searched for a way to become famous and rich at the same time by devising a plan that took place in Egypt. He recognized that ships traveling to Europe from Southern Asia (vice versa) had to circumnavigate around Africa, which was unnecessary. His goal then, was to connect the two seas, and two worlds. In addition to this, within the space of a few years, Lesseps had lost a career, a wife, and a child. He was left with two sons, a farm in central France, and a caring set of in-laws. He had a loving relationship with his family until this drastic event took place. While Lesseps was at a pivotal point in life, he decided to devote himself completely to the creation of the Suez Canal. Yet, one question remained; if Lesseps life had not wound into a downhill spiral, would he still have encompassed the intense determination illustrated in the novel? A man, who was unemployed, simply could not start a revolutionary one-hundred mile canal by himself. In need of much help, Lesseps turned to the Egyptian government for support. Although, there was question as to how Lesseps, a Frenchman, could even dream to acquire help from a different country to satisfy his vision. The answer lay in the hands of ruler Muhammad Alis son, Said, and his insatiable desire for eating. Members of Muhammads court carefully monitored Saids food intake...

Details of James Deans Death in a Car Accident

Details of James Dean's Death in a Car Accident In September 1955, actor James Dean was driving his brand-new Porsche 550 Spyder to an auto rally in Salinas, California, when he was involved in a head-on collision with a 1950 Ford Tudor. James Dean, only 24 years old, died in the crash. Although already famous for his role in East of Eden, his death and the release of Rebel Without a Cause caused James Dean to soar to cult status. James Dean, forever frozen as the talented, misunderstood, rebellious youth remains the symbol of teenage angst. Who Was James Dean? John Kobal Foundation/Contributor/Getty Images James Dean had appeared in a number of television shows before getting his big break in 1954 when he was chosen to play Cal Trask, the leading male role in the film East of Eden (1955). This was the only one of Deans films released before his death. Quickly following East of Eden, James Dean was signed to play Jim Stark in Rebel Without a Cause (1955), the film for which Dean is best remembered. Immediately following the filming for Rebel Without a Cause, Dean played the lead role in Giant (1956). Both of these films were released after Deans death. James Dean Raced Cars As Deans movie career began to take off, James Dean also started to race cars. In March 1955 Dean raced in the Palm Springs Road Races, and in May of that year he raced in the Minter Field Bakersfield race and the Santa Barbara Road Races. James Dean liked to go fast. In September 1955 Dean replaced his white Porsche 356 Super Speedster with a new, silver Porsche 550 Spyder. Bettmann/Contributor/Getty Images Dean had the car specialized by having the number 130 painted on both the front and back. Also painted on the back of the car was Little Bastard, Deans nickname given to him by friend Bill Hickman, who was Deans dialogue coach for Giant. The Accident On September 30, 1955, James Dean was driving his new Porsche 550 Spyder to an auto rally in Salinas, California, when the fatal accident occurred. Originally planning to tow the Porsche to the rally, Dean changed his mind at the last minute and decided to drive the Porsche instead. Dean and Rolf Wuetherich, Deans mechanic, rode in the Porsche. Following were photographer Sanford Roth and Bill Hickman, driving a Ford station wagon that had a trailer for the Spyder attached. En route to Salinas, Dean was pulled over by police officers near Bakersfield for speeding around 3:30 p.m. After being stopped, Dean and Wuetherich continued on their way. Two hours later, around 5:30 p.m., they were driving westbound on Highway 466 (now called State Route 46), when a 1950 Ford Tudor pulled out in front of them. 23-year-old Donald Turnupseed, the driver of the Ford Tudor, had been traveling east on Highway 466 and was attempting to make a left turn onto Highway 41. Unfortunately, Turnupseed had already started to make his turn before he saw the Porsche traveling quickly toward him. Without time to turn, the two cars smashed nearly head-on. The injuries among the three involved in the crash varied greatly. Turnupseed only received minor injuries from the accident. Rolf Wuetherich, the passenger in the Porsche, was lucky to be thrown from the Porsche. Although he suffered serious head injuries and a broken leg, he survived the crash. Dean, however, was killed in the accident. Dean was just 24 years old at the time of the wreck. Posthumous Academy Awards To this day, James Dean is the only person to receive two Academy Award nominations posthumously. In 1956, he was nominated posthumously for Best Leading Actor for his role in East of Eden. This was a historic first. In 1957, Dean was again posthumously nominated for Best Leading Actor, this time for his role in Giant. What Happened to Deans Smashed Car? Many Dean fans wonder what happened to the smashed Porsche. After the accident, the crumpled car was toured around the United States as part of a driver safety presentation. However, en route between two stops, the car disappeared. In 2005, Volo Auto Museum in Volo, Illinois, offered $1 million to anyone who currently had the car. So far, the car has not resurfaced.

Corporate Strategy Master Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate Strategy Master - Assignment Example By July 2008 as a consequence, major banks and other financial institutions around the world had reported losses reaching $435 billion. The problem on sub-prime mortgages was exacerbated by the steady depreciation of the US dollar, whose value against the euro, for example, crossed the $1.48 threshold in November 2007 to settle at $1.50 (Phillips, 2007). While the US Federal Reserve showed no intention of intervening to strengthen the dollar, banks stopped issuing covered bonds and the London Interbank Offered Rate (Libor) hit a premium for treasury bills not seen since the dark days of the first oil crisis in 1987. The continued weakening of the US currency gave banks and financial institutions little incentive to sell dollars, completing the scenario for rising global inflation. Such a climate of uncertainty in the global economy, specifically in the banking sector, serves as backdrop for this paper as it examines the corporate strategies by which HSBC Holdings plc, one of the worl d's largest banking and financial services organisations, can emerge a winner through the use of appropriate models and tools of analysis. HSBC Holdings plc is the mother company of a wide array of banks and financial institutions that include the HSBC plc in UK; the Hong Kong Shanghai Banking Corp. Ltd. and Hang Seng Bank Ltd. in Hong Kong; HSBC Finance in France; the Household International and HSBC Bank USA NA in the US; HSBC Bank in Brazil; Grupo Financiero HSBC in Mexico; and the HSBC Private Banking Holding (Suisse) SA in UK, Hong Kong, Switzerland, Monaco, Luxembourg, Singapore and Channel Islands. The Group's corporate strategy finds expression in the marketing pitch attached to its logo that proclaims HSBC as "the world's local bank." This campaign to differentiate the HSBC brand was launched in 1999 and started to guide all banking operations in 2005. The strategy projects HSBC as a financing institution with an international pedigree and world-class expertise, which sophistication is nonetheless used for the full benefit of the smallest local clients and their communities. In effect, the HSBC based its strat egy not only on product leadership and operational excellence but also on customer intimacy, the three value disciplines that drive corporate strategy (Green, 2003). That sort of makes the Group a high-street bank that serves low-end clients as a matter of preference. The banking clientele composed of ordinary people is a market segment usually identified in an RFM analysis to formulate a firm's corporate strategy. RFM stands for recency, frequency and monetary value and is often conducted to analyse customer behaviours and define market segments. In essence, RFM analysis asks how recent and frequent are the transactions done for a particular

Essay Question 3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Question 3 - Essay Example chists obtain power through it because they can control the public by ensuring that equality on some commodities and activities are championed (Spaaij, 2010). In the second principle, anarchism employs proactive approaches, where they assume that not everyone in society has the ability to get access to the free services offered. Therefore, it is upon those who have to make sure that they share with those who do not have. While people may confuse anarchism and terrorism as being one thing, they are completely two different forms of leadership. Even though both of them employ oppression theories, anarchism tends t o champion for equality and protecting human rights where possible (Fleming, 2000). On the other hand, terrorism, which is motivated by extreme radicalization of religious ideologies, has little thought of what human rights are. They believe dying is the only way through which people can protect the Islamic religion and have an external peace. However, anarchism has varying schools of thought, where individualist anarchism and anarcho-capitalism believe that all natural resources should be privatized. The same case is common in the Middle East countries, where people are allowed to own oil wells, while those who are not lucky are either poor or into other businesses. The other school of thought, which involves libertarian socialism and geoanarchism believe that natural resources should remai n public so that every person benefits from the revenue. Terrorist organizations identified with anarchism include Anarchist Black Cross, Autonomous Action, Foot Not Bombs, and International of Anarchist Federations among others (Book chin, 2005). Most terror groups seem to use anarchism, with the thought that by owning natural resources, especially oil, uranium, and other weaponry mineral will make them superpower militia groups and would control every activity in its boundaries. However, a good thought on anarchism makes it different from what terror groups carry

The Korean War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Korean War - Essay Example Needless to say, all these great cultural symbols are very much part of the common civilization of the Korean people. The Korean people are still haunted by the specter of the Korean War, which they found in the interests of their imperialist masters. There still exist chances for unification of the Korea as wished by many millions of Koreans through reconciliation and remorse. The Korean War and its After Waves The degradation of Korean monarchy and its subsequent destruction by Japanese imperialism lies at the root of the problems in the Korean peninsula. The Korean liberation from the clutches of Japanese imperialism was the first real opportunity to be one under the labels of singular national culture and unified national language. Importantly, both the Korean language and cultural national identity were being systematically destroyed under Japanese tutelage. According to Pihl, â€Å"many Koreans saw the 1945 Liberation as the first opportunity in their history to be truly Korea n in their own land† (79). One of the primary aims of the national liberation of Korea was to establish a single body of Korean literature based on newly found self awareness. But, the beginning of the civil war again blocked the free development of the Korean literature and there emerged not a single body of literature but a South Korean literature and North Korean literature. The emergence of South Korea and North Korea as a result of the division of nation was not characterized by the founding of two new distinct nations as such. On the other hand, the newly formed two countries were equally the distorted versions of a single nation. It is war that constituted the two countries, not any progressive or productive developments. It is interesting to note that [i]n Korean, the 1945 liberation is called Kwangbok, â€Å"Glorious Recovery†, but it was neither glorious nor a recovery and, worse, it was capped by an internecine war of horrifically compressed violence that spe ared no corner of the country† (Pihl, 82). The national awareness which was a product of the national liberation in 1945 unfortunately did not last long as aspired by millions of Koreans. As the divisions between the two parts of the country widened, it reflected as emptiness in the national cultural as well. â€Å"The most ironic formative experience of the 20th century for Korean literature began with Liberation on August 15, 1945. Koreans regained a country that had been lost to Japanese imperialism, only to lose it again to Russian and American imperialism† notes the well-known Korean literary commentator Pihl (82). The Korean civil war had multiple reasons for come to existence. It was the direst result of the division of the country in the August 1945. It was America that played the prominent role in dividing the Korea and there established a colonial authority which was composed of comprador Koreans. After that, the former Soviet Union too played a crucial role i n keeping the division between two Koreas intact as it was necessary for ‘building socialism’ regardless of the basic unity and integrity of the Korean civilization. Thirdly, the internal divisions among the Koreans also have its due share in the division of the country as perpetuated by the ruling elites. The dialectical irony is that, as elaborated by the well-known theorist Cumings, â€Å"

Water Management Of The Thar Desert Environmental Sciences Essay

Water Management Of The Thar Desert Environmental Sciences Essay The Thar Desert, also known at the Indian Desert is located partly in Rajasthan state, northwestern India, Punjab province, Sindh province and eastern Pakistan in Asia. (Britannica) Its precise location is between latitudes 24 ° and 28 ° north and between longitude 68 °and 71 ° east. (Irrigation) This desert is considered one of the smallest hot deserts in the world only, 77,000 square miles (200,000km ²) (Britannica) yet it has the highest human population of all deserts in the world. (Kuma) Other deserts have a population density of less than ten people per square kilometer, while Thar has a density of more than eighty people per square kilometer. (BBC) With such a large population which continues to grow, it can put a great strain on the environment and the resources it provides. One very important resource that the environment provided is water. Water is the bases for life on Earth and without it humans would not be able to survive. Not only do humans demand water direc tly, they demand it indirectly for the growth of their livestock and crops. Water management in the Thar Desert has to be constantly looked after to ensure that the supply of water will always be present. There are three main ways to get water in the Thar Desert. First, is the rainfall distribution. Second is the terrain type. Third is importing water from outside the area. (Dhir) All of the water management techniques that the Thar people use can be categorized into one of these ways. No one individual method of obtaining water is fully effective by itself. It takes a combination of many techniques to keep a water supply that can sustain the people who are using it. Some techniques rely solely on the weather conditions in a given year and can fluxuate from year to year and are not always dependable. This is why multiple techniques are used to obtain water, in case one fails there are others to fall back on. The soils in the Thar Desert does not allow for water to remain at the ground surface. The soil is made up of loose and porous sand. This allows for the rainwater to quickly be absorbed by the soil and any extra water moves straight down to the ground water reservoirs, via percolation. Unless the water is captured before it hits the soils surface or contained in something at the surface there is no way to access it without going into the ground water reservoirs. (Irrigation) Capturing rain water would be much easier if more of it came to the Thar Desert. The rainfall that is received is relatively low. In the west, the desert receives 4 inches or less of rain fall and in the east about 20 inches of rainfall. (Britannica) The amount of rainfall an area gets is dependent upon where it is located. The rain is sporadic in most parts. Up to nine-tenths of the rain received by the Thar Desert comes between June and September which is the monsoon season. (Agrican and Irrigation) Due to the fluxuation in rain, in regards to when it arrives, it causes agriculture to fluxuate with it. Before the rains arrive the land production is very poor and after the rains have arrived the land is very productive. In a sense the rainfall determines whether or not there will be an opportunity to grow crops effectively. The more rainfall means there is more availability for crop production and the less rainfall means there is less availability for crop production. After a good rainfall when the desert is full of nutrients and succulent grasses a large number of cattle from the Nara Valley in Pakistan and adjoining areas come to graze in the desert. (Irrigation) Herders also take advantage of the rainfall and move their cattle to areas where the grasses are plentiful and nutritious. When there is not a good rainfall herders must find others areas to grazer their cattle which might include irrigated areas. Other ways to make use of the monsoon rains are to cultivate patches of land that is suitable in the low ground. These low grounds are found between sand-mounds (talis, tals or dhars). When the rains are deemed adequate for cultivating crops these areas are taken advantage of. Budgeting the water can be an effective way to manage the water that is available and relate it to the potential crop production it could yield. A formula was derived consisting of four variables: the availability of reserve supply of soil profile moisture (M), in a given period varies under the influence of rainfall (P), runoff (S), percolation (U) and evapotranspiration (ET). (Sen) The equation for the balance of water is P = S  ± M  ± U + ET. Water budget studies have shown that evapotranspiration accounts for 75-80 percent of the rainfall, percolation accounts for 5-10 percent, and 10-15 percent of the rainfall contributed to increasing the moisture of the soil profile when there is no water going to run-off. Techniques used to balance water on an agricultural farm in the Thar Desert include improving infiltration, deep percolation, control of evapotranspiration, and harvesting run-off. Infiltration can be done by bunding, shattering of hard pan or preparatory tillage. Deep p ercolation can be improved by soil compaction. Improving the control over evapotranspiration can be established by control of evaporation. Harvesting run-off can be improved by inter-plot water harvesting or inter-row water harvesting. By improving the means of which water is budgeted can cause the water that is acquired to be used more effectively for farming practices instead of being acquired by the land where is becomes more difficult to obtain. Irrigation is a means of importing water in from another area and can be used in combination with water budgeting of the rain fall of an area. It is the main way that the people of the Thar support their agriculture. Between 1951 and 1980 there were at least 1,127 irrigation projects that were classified as major or medium that were taken up. Of the 1,127 projects 506 were complete, 17 were almost completed and the others were yielding partial benefits. (Prakash) There was a goal set to achieve 1,130 lakh hectares of grass irrigation potential which was the assessed target. This goal caused an increase in the development of policy for implementing irrigation projects. Irrigation projects have been going on in the Thar Desert long before the 1950s. The Gang Canal Project was started in 1920 and completed in 1928. The project consisted of the construction of a canal that would irrigate the north western part of Ganganagar and have a total length of 1,251 km in Rajasthan. The Bikaner Ca nal would feed into the newly constructed Gang Canal and potentially provide water to the extent of cultural command area (CCA) of three 07,692 ha. (Kuma) This is just one irrigation project that was created and currently still operating in the Thar Desert. Another irrigation project is the Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana (IGNP). This projects main goal was to fetch the river water to the waste stretches of desert in western Rajasthan from the Himalayas. (Kuma) The water would be diverted in Punjab from the Hari-ke-Barrage and travel to Rajasthan. This project started in 1958; one of the 1,127 projects developed and was considered a partial irrigation facility in 1961. The project was separated into two different stages. The first stage focused on the 0-74 km of the main canal and stage 2 focused on the 74-189 km of the main canal. The completion of this irrigation project would potential bring irrigation to 15.85 lakh hectare of semi-arid and arid desert wasteland in a cultural command area spanning across four districts of the Thar Desert of Rajasthan, namely Ganganager, Bikaner, Hanumangarh and Jaisalmer. (Kuma) This project would help to irrigate almost the entire western side of Rajasthan by merely diverting the water from another a rea. In the area of Nagaroarkar, specifically the inland section, the Sind government set up experiments to try to improve water availability. These experiments took place between 1968 and 1969 and possibly could have been included in the 1,127 irrigation projects. The Sind government developed six flood irrigation schemes and four tank construction schemes, Gordharo Bhatiani flood scheme, Ranpur Basin-cum-Inundation Scheme, Surachand Flood irrigation scheme and Bhodosar, Tobiriyo, Nabisar and Ghartiara tanks. (Irrigation) These experiments were successful and provided water reservoirs in these inland sections of Nagarparkar. The reservoirs were used for multiple months after the initial water was stored. The success of these experiments showed that ideas such as these need to be replicated and applied to other areas and try to increase the performance of the ideas. (Agrican and Irrigation) Other areas in the Sind portion of the desert presented promising ideas for the improvement and development of water availability. One development was to repair the existing well and ponds that can be repaired and this action is suitable for the entire desert. A second development was to dig deeper wells and it is mostly suitable for areas along the aquifers in the central and eastern portion so the desert. A third development was to dig a canal from the Indus River which once completed would allow for more expansion of the canal system reaching a wider area. A fourth development was the collection of the rainwater in more effective ways specifically focused on the construction of reservoirs with supporting deep tube-wells. These four developments along with the expansion of the irrigation experiments were compiled in 1985 and fall into the three ways of obtaining water; rainfall, terrain and importing. So over the years since 1920 the development of irrigation projects and other mea ns of acquiring water availability has been an ongoing process. (Agrican and Irrigation) Besides irrigation systems there are also means of conserving what surface water is available from the rainfall. Surface water can be gathered in traditional nadis (small ponds), tankas (underground covered tanks) or khadins (water harvesting structures for agriculture). The nadis are one of the major sources of drinking water both for human and livestock consumption. The nadis are dug by villagers in locations that are deemed natural for catching water in higher yield potential. They are constructed to an optimum size, in dune areas from 1.5 meters to 4 meters and in sandy plain 3 meter to 12 meters, and their depth is typically to the zone of calcrete formation. The nadis are used for an entire village if possible and the water supply that is stored in them could last anywhere from two months to a year after the rains depending on the water usage of the villagers (Centre for Science and Environment). Tankas on the other hand might be owned by an individual family or by the communit y. Tankas are being replaced with pipe-water supplies now since they were mostly used in remote areas. (Dhir) Tankas are underground tanks that are built within a main house or the courtyard of a house. They are constructed during the winter and summer seasons when there is available labor since people are not needed for agricultural labor during these seasons. The tanks consist of a hole dug into the ground about ten feet deep that is circular and is lined with fine polished lime. The catchment area of about 30 feet radius is made sloping towards the tank inlet. (Jhunjhunwala) In the tank rainwater is collected by means of gravity and it the rain falls directly into the tank. To keep the water that is collected cooler, they decorate the tankas with tiles. The water that is collected in the tankas is used for drinking water only for a single family. The water stored in the tank can last for six to nine months. In years when there is less rainfall the tankas can be filled by transporting water from nearby wells and tanks. This means of collecting rain water is used mostly in areas far from ot her water sources. The positive effects of tankas include the women not having to leave the home to obtain water, there is an assured supply of water for domestic use, the construction of a tankas is cheaper than paying for water and having to transport it, and having a tankas can be considered a means of social respect. The main negative effect of tankas is that they take up land that could otherwise be used for agriculture. (Centre for Science and Environment) (Jhunjhunwala) Khadins are water harvesting structure used for agriculture. They are also known as dhora. Their purpose is to catch the surface runoff water. Its main feature is a very long (100-300m) earthen embankment built across the lower hill slopes lying below gravelly uplans. (Centre for Science and Environment) This allows the excess water to drain off and be gathered and used to on the land to assist with crop production. http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Rural/img/Khadins-img.jpg (http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org) Water management all comes down to the techniques used and if they are effective in that specific area and if there an opportunity to apply the technique to other areas or possibly improve upon the technique. Projects and experiments have been used to establish these techniques in irrigation but they have the potential to be used to discover and improve upon techniques to manage rain fall. One example of an improvement made to a technique that is already practiced is the modification of tankas. The modification consists of collecting rain water from the roof and by means of pipes transports it into the tank for storage and later use. This allows the land that would be used to construct the tankas can be used for agricultural use. (Jhunjhunwala) The water tank schemes that were tested by the Sind government were shown to be effective and tanks were implanted in other areas. The water tank is also known as johad and they provide water for both humans and cattle. They are constructed on public land and all of the people in the community have equal right to use the water in the johad, because of the common use of the johad they are often placed in areas not far from the majority of the people. To construct a johad the land has to be level and there must be clay soil so that the rain water will collect in the tank. The johad is made between January and June must be cleaned out every year as well. (Jhunjhunwala) The source of water supply can be categorized into the three main sources. These sources are rainfall, ponds and wells. In some cases there might be lakes of water also available. The rain water is collect in tarias (ponds) which only last about three to nine months. Tarais are short lived because of their size, the amount of rain water received, how fast the water is evaporating and how permeable the layers beneath the water are. The water that is contained in the tarais is fresh and used for domestic purposes of drinking and cattle watering too. Tarais are very common, in fact most villages has a tarai. Tarais also have a positive effect; their significant influence to the top seated aquifers, namely their water seeps slowly down to the ground water reservoir and freshens the brackish or saline in situ water, making it suitable for drinking and other purposes. (Irrigation) Due to this positive effect wells are often dug close to tarais. The wells are created to reach the water supply more effective. They provide almost 95% of the water that is required for an area. Wells that are built too shallow can cause problems through. They can turn brackish after time and this is a waste of money in the construction of shallow wells. (Agrican and Irrigation) The construction of a well consists of a wooden foundation in the bottom of the well in the shape of the wheel. The sides of the well are lined with green branches and brushwood in a wicker work formation. Depending on the localities in the interior of the well, such as wells between 40-100 meters, these well are lined with burnt bricks. (Irrigation) Since there has been no systematic hydrogeological investigation in the Thar Desert, there is no way of knowing if all the aquifers that exist have been discovered and put to use. Aquifers are part of the terrain aspect of obtaining water. Aquifers horizons have been assumed to exist and are grouped into three categories. The shallowest aquifers have a water table depth between a few meters and 20 meters. The medium aquifers have water table depths between 20 meters and 50 meters. The deepest aquifers have water table depths between 50 meters and over 100 meters. It is believed that the deep aquifer is present in the central and eastern parts of the Thar Desert and might be continuous or discontinuous with a mono or multi-layered structure. In most parts of the aquifer the water quality is fresh to slightly brackish but some parts of the aquifer are severely brackish and unfit for use. (Irrigation) Water in the Thar Desert is saris and a valued environmental resource. A great deal of effort has gone into designing developments, testing experiments and implementing projects to increase the water availability in the Thar Desert. The water is used for both domestic use and farming use for cattle and crops. Ideas and projects can always be built upon and improved to increase their effectiveness. Water management techniques can date back to at least the 1920s with the first project title but they occurred long before that time and they will continue to occur to support the Thar peoples way of life.